Diabetes patients scientific diet

"Shugan for gas, one of six" control diabetes - diabetes diet
-- "Shugan for gas, and six one" diabetes prevention and treatment of the four series of popular science lectures

A large number of scientific data confirmed that the incidence of diabetes and diet is closely related to changes in the structure of
Reasonable to adjust the structure so that the diet tends to science, treatment and prevention is an effective way to diabetes. This is what we usually say the diet. It is the first diabetes treatment, now has more than 100 years of history. To sum up, diet therapy in the treatment of diabetes can play a role in the following areas:
1, to provide the physical needs of nutrition, improve the health status of patients, to maintain the standard weight.
2, reduce the burden on islet B cells, to control postprandial hyperglycemia.
3, to correct metabolic disorders, blood sugar and blood lipids as close as possible to normal levels.
4, prevention and treatment of low blood sugar, ketoacidosis and other acute complications.
5, preventing and delaying the cardiovascular, kidney, retina, the nervous system, such as a chronic complications.
Second, the treatment of diabetes diet common errors
Diet for treatment of diabetes although a long time, but the main theory is derived from the medical knowledge and personal experience of the doctors concluded, and not a reliable, standard approach to verification, in schools and many divergent in the diet, with the A study in-depth understanding of the many have been found to be undesirable, or even wrong, it is summarized as follows:
1, limit the intake of carbohydrates, advocated low-sugar diet, buckwheat and other staples to the so-called low-sugar food-oriented perspective. The study, to these long-term coarse grain-based Although the short term can reduce the patients blood sugar levels, but not very good and long-term control of blood sugar, and can lead to patients increasingly frail physique, a chronic digestive system and other gastrointestinal inflammation, but not conducive to disease control .
2, only partial attention to the improvement of symptoms, while ignoring the overall condition, the impact of prevention and treatment of complications. If only that low-sugar and high-protein diet, although short-term control of blood sugar may improve symptoms, but long-term kidney burden will be heavier, evoked the risk of diabetic nephropathy.
3, the blind pursuit of effective management of stress, while ignoring the patient's individual characteristics, needs, psychological, leading to poor patient compliance, we can not uphold for a long time, the treatment failure.
4, too much emphasis and reliance on drug treatment, the treatment of attention to diet, are still followed in the former eating habits.
Third, the principle of treating diabetes diet
1, to control the total calories
First of all diabetes diet control to achieve the total calorie control, but the total calorie control is not simply a staple food control, but including the staple food, Fusi, especially high-calorie Fushi such as meat, eggs, milk, all the heat, Comprehensive calculation method to consider the patient's age, gender, height, weight, labor intensity, and other factors. One of the heat demand is the greatest impact weight and labor intensity, we should focus on consideration. Specific steps calculated as follows:
(1) calculating standard weight
Standard weight (kg) = height (cm) -105 (cm)
When the actual weight of more than 10% for the overweight, over 20% for obesity, more than 40% of severe obesity. The actual weight of less than the standard weight for weighing less than 10 percent, less than 20% for the thinner.
(2) calculation of body mass index
Body mass index (BMI) = actual body weight (kg) / [height × height (m2)], body mass index (BMI) of 20-24 in the normal range; BMI greater than 24 are overweight; BMI greater than 27 are obese.
(3) calculating the total calories
Calculation of total calories children: 1-year-old children need to heat about 1000 Kcal, for every subsequent increase in the age of 100 Kcal, such as the 5-year-old at 1400 Kcal, 10-year-old at 1900 Kcal.
Adolescent calories calculation: the growth and development to meet the needs of women of the daily calories needed for the 2400 Kcal, male-3000 Kcal.
Adult calculation of the total calories press table:
The labor intensity of different weight to be diabetic man-days heat meters
Labor intensity
Weight loss (kcal / kg)
Normal (kcal / kg)
Obesity (kcal / kg)

Light manual
35
30
20-25

Medium manual
40
35
30

Heavy manual
45-50
40
35

Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, malnutrition and disease expendable, as appropriate, an increase of 10% -20% over the age of 60 elderly people because of physical activity on the need to reduce the total calories can be reduced by 20 percent to 30 percent long-term exercise therapy in patients with diabetes, According to the actual situation changes daily calories; addition, in the calculation should also consider, as appropriate, the original patients living habits, developed by the total calories for both practical and scientific basis.
2. Reasonable arrangements for various nutritional ingredients
In total calories certain circumstances, how the various nutritional ingredients proportion of diabetes is very important. With the in-depth clinical research and treatment improvements, awareness of the issue generated a lot of changes from the original low-sugar diet develop a new understanding to the present: to increase the heating of carbohydrates and increase fiber components, to give adequate Protein, less fat and cholesterol and sodium intake.
(1) sugar (carbohydrate)
Sugar is the main source of body heat, per gram of sugar can provide 4 kilocalories. Normal body heat for 65-80 percent of sugar from food. Sugar is also human neural cells and antibodies and hormones in some important elements. In addition, there are resistance sugar-fat health, completely involved in fat oxidation, to prevent excessive ketone production, glucose metabolism can also save for the protein and is conducive to protein synthesis.
But the sugar content of food intake can cause elevated blood sugar diabetes, diabetes Clinical Practice has proved that people should be restricted carbohydrate diet, but not limit too low, otherwise it difficult to control disease. Under normal circumstances, the carbohydrate in the proportion of total calories should not be less than 50 percent. The fasting plasma glucose normal light diabetes, high glucose (65% -80%) can improve glucose tolerance, raising organizations to insulin sensitivity. The fasting plasma glucose increased significantly (> 11.1 mmol / L) of heavier patients with diabetes, should be appropriate restrictions on sugar intake, but not less than 200 grams, and to consider appropriate to increase fiber intake.
Sugar is the cereal, root class, beans, nuts of the major components of food. In addition vegetables, fruits also contain some sugar. How do I choose these foods from the following two aspects to consider:
First, the reference to the glycemic index food choices of food. Glycemic index refers to the consumption of 50 grams of sugar this type of food measured after two hours of postprandial glucose and eating 50 grams of glucose measured after the two hour blood glucose ratio, this value is the reaction of different food on blood sugar impact.
Different food glycemic index (GI) value is different. The first is the presence of different amounts of food and different types of sugar, we collectively referred to as carbohydrates, including sugar single, double sugar, polysaccharides. And the use of these sugar absorption is not the same. Different sugar in the intestine to digest and absorb the speed is different, so the appreciation on postprandial glucose is different.
GI values can guide the diabetic patients in choosing food. Diabetes in the process of choosing their food should be noted: (1) Food categories: GI value of food varies according to different types of food (detailed in the table below), (2) Food processing: food-processing methods can also affect blood sugar, starch, for example is the same Health and potato lower GI value, cook after a relatively high (3) food ingredients and dietary pattern: If the food is not in the composition of multi-Yi Xiaohua, GI value will be lower, such as whole-wheat bread, whole grains to breakfast Than refined white bread and cereal low GI value; Individual consumption of noodles, rice porridge, high-GI value, if at the same time will reduce the consumption of vegetables and many. It must be pointed out that the fat such as fat, oil, butter can reduce the glycemic index, but also excessive consumption will have adverse impact on diabetes.
Some GI food glycemic index value (%)

88 large rice
Glutinous rice 87
General wheat noodles 81.6

Beef noodle soup 88.6
Black Granule 50
All 69 bread flour



Based on the table, <55% for the low GI food, 55 percent to 70 percent in the GI food, GI value, the lower the smaller the impact on postprandial glucose, the lower the glycemic index, the formation of blood sugar, the lower speed. Therefore, patients with diabetes can "glycemic index" to choose food, make scientific dining, dining on blood sugar to reduce the impact.
Second, the need to consider the food is absorbed blood sugar reached a peak of the time difference: the fastest glucose, the general consumption of 0.5 hours and peak, reached the peak sugar 1 hour, starch 1.5 hours of peak, reached the peak of protein three hours. In the choice of food and drugs should be as much as possible so that blood sugar reached the peak time and hypoglycemic drug effects during peak hours in line to get the most hypoglycemic effects and the prevention of low blood sugar.
(2) protein
Protein is an important component of human tissue, the body's growth and development, updating cells play an important role, while in sugar and fat intake is insufficient, protein in the body of decomposition to provide energy. Per gram of protein produced by the decomposition of 4 kilocalories of energy.
Diabetes on the protein requirements should be based on age, sex, physical condition and labor intensity on. Generally speaking, the protein of total daily calories should be 10 to 15 per cent, per kg weight 0.8-1.2 grams. For babies, adolescents, pregnant women may be appropriate to increase protein intake; diabetes for kidney patients, because high-protein diet can increase the glomerular pathogenesis of the disease and should therefore be appropriate to reduce intake of protein, specific to no trace protein Urine per day kg weight should be more than 1.0-1.2 grams, microalbuminuria day per kg weight should be less than 0.8 grams, abnormal kidney function per kg body weight per day should be less than 0.6 grams.
Higher protein content of food is mainly meat, eggs, milk and beans, of which animal protein-rich, rich in amino acids must, Yi Xiaohua, a high utilization rate, it is high-quality protein, diabetes suitable for human consumption. Bean protein contained in the relatively low utilization rate, do not absorb Yi Xiaohua, diabetes should not eat a lot, especially diabetic kidney patients should be mainly to high-quality protein.
(3) fatty
Body fat is an indispensable source of energy, usually in the fat tissue in the reserve, hunger, speed up decomposition, the supply of heat. At the same time its still constitute an important element of the human body, plays an important physiological function. Fat comes mainly from vegetable oils and animal oils category. The former principal of unsaturated fatty acids, which mainly contain unsaturated fatty acids, diabetes are often accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders, and disorders of glucose metabolism and affect each other, that there was generally low-fat diet (fat intake should be less than 50 grams / day , More than 100 grams / day for the high-fat diet), daily fat intake of total calories should be 20-25%, or about 1.6-2.0 g / kg body weight. For patients with obesity and hyperlipidemia daily fat intake should be lower. Daily cholesterol intake below 300 mg, about equivalent to that of the egg yolk cholesterol content. At the same time fat intake to mainly unsaturated fatty acids and less saturated fatty acid intake, or to vegetable oil-based, low intake of animal fat.
(4) The Food and Fiber
Food and fiber production is not a hot polysaccharides, according to their physical and chemical properties of soluble and non-soluble divided into two categories. Cellulose is non-soluble cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, found in grains and beans and plant the seed coat the leaves and stems of the soluble cellulose is pectin, was plastic, such as bean gum, fruits, vegetables , Kelp, beans rich in content. An increase in the diet can improve the cellulose component of high blood glucose, insulin and reduce the amount of oral hypoglycemic agents. The past, we always think that diabetes should be a high intake of dietary cellulose, cellulose contained in the diet seems to be the higher the better, but the latest research confirmed that fiber does not necessarily add a lot to good on blood sugar and blood lipids have improved, but Will affect the food tastes, that would create incentives for the gastrointestinal tract, diabetes daily just the general adult standards 25-35 grams of dietary fiber intake can be. China's nutrition recommendations are within the scope of this, 30.2 grams daily.
(5) vitamins and minerals
Although vitamin simple structure and less content, but on human health has played a very important role. But vitamin is not better. Therefore, under normal circumstances, a lack of vitamin diabetes no symptoms, can eat normally, there is no need to add vitamin specifically, as long as attention to diet and reasonable with it.
Minerals in the body in physical activities also play an important role, but there are now many new view that diabetes and a lack of trace elements in a number of related, of course, these views have yet to be scientifically confirmed. So diabetes not intend to propose additional These minerals to prevent unhelpful.
3. Three meals a day for science
In order to control blood sugar, to correct metabolic disorders, reduce blood sugar fluctuations, diabetics should eat regularly quantitative may generally be divided into three meals a day, and the main Fushi and sugar, fat, protein with the reasonable. As patients with early-morning and am generally more difficult to control blood sugar, the three meals a day may be 1 / 5, 2 / 5, 2 / 5 distribution. The injection of insulin, the young patients or the patients to hypoglycemia, can be considered Jiacan, with the exception of early, middle and late meals, can in the morning, afternoon and evening before bed, as appropriate, Jiacan all, the main meal of the total 70 percent of calories, Jiacan accounted for about 30 percent.
Taking into account the types of food on blood sugar and the impact of energy supply characteristics, with the living habits of people in peacetime, the general on the soy milk to breakfast, meat on to lunch and dinner to be mainly light vegetarian. Activities during the day because more people need more calories, less activities of the evening, while in the lower glycemic index, the proposed distribution of the above options.
In short, scientific and rational eating habits and diet structure, can be summed up in three phrases: Good morning eat well, eat at noon, at night to eat less weight with food, Roudan Nai appropriate, vegetables Can Can there; Meidun eighth eat, Under the Dayton does not hunger.
4. Less alcohol, not smoking and eating to light
Liquor in the lives of Chinese people occupy a certain status, in diabetic diet in the treatment of alcohol has been a matter of concern. In the past diet theory has been that drinking will or hypertension, induced by various complications, so in principle to allow diabetics to drink, but in recent years the United States released a large-scale study has confirmed that blood pressure and the volume of alcohol Relations for the performance of the U-distribution, a small amount of alcohol that is the risk of high blood pressure minimum, not a lot to drink alcohol and the risk of high blood pressure will increase. In addition, information that drinking can increase insulin sensitivity, prevention of type 2 diabetes, increase high-density lipoprotein levels, reduce the occurrence of coronary heart disease and stroke risk. Accordingly diabetes can be a small amount of daily consumption of alcohol. As for what to drink wine, although that type of person is not important, the key lies in the total. In our view, to drink a small amount of dry red and white as the first choice, followed by liquor, is not recommended to drink beer, more beer because of increased blood sugar. At the same time to pay attention to the prevention of alcohol when the incidence of low blood sugar. Smoking can be exciting sympathetic, or increased blood sugar hormone secretion, leading to elevated blood sugar, diabetics should be no smoking.
In addition to light diabetic diet, salt intake of six grams a day, up to more than 10 grams, if there are high blood pressure, edema, will have further reduced to below five grams per day to reduce diabetes in heart and brain disease The dangerous.
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