Bleeding primary liver cancer, liver cancer patients is a serious and deadly complications, the rate of about 5.46% -19.8% of patients with liver cancer is the leading cause of death of liver cancer death of the 9 % -10% In liver cancer in the cause of death for the first four. As the disease of a sudden, sharp, shock and frequently, the difficulties of their treatment, prognosis is poor, if not positive where most of the patients died quickly.
First, the mechanism
Bleeding more common in liver cancer nodules and massive hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly those associated with liver cirrhosis, liver cancer rare diffuse. HCC bleeding There are two types: a hemorrhage of the liver capsule, the capsule into a person for abdominal perforation, the rapid progress in the latter condition, the high mortality rate.
1, liver in the process of growth due to expansion of growth, the higher the pressure within the tumor, and because of the rapid tumor growth,
Blood for a relative shortage of ischemia and hypoxia, tumor necrosis central liquefaction, corrosion vessels in tumors congestion, pressure is high and on the basis of necrosis, in deep breaths, stand up, shock, severe coughing, defecation or physical force, such as increased intra-abdominal pressure The circumstances, the pressure of the surrounding capsule breakthrough in cancer or normal liver tissue breakdown of the weak, resulting in intra-abdominal bleeding.
2, liver cirrhosis portal hypertension is the peripheral venous system tumor blood supply, and the portal and hepatic veins are traffic-related.
When the portal pressure increased, arteries and veins, the pressure increased, so that gradually thinning vessel walls, leading to bleeding. Bleeding in patients with liver cancer often associated with cirrhosis, with rates as high as 90 percent, less bleeding liver cancer patients with high rate of liver cirrhosis.
3, tumor necrosis of tumor growth after the liquefied erosion damage blood vessels rupture of the liver cancer is also an important factor.
4, liver accompanied cirrhosis, liver damage, abnormal clotting mechanisms, liver cancer is one of the reasons for bleeding.
Second, clinical performance
(A) the general performance of liver cancer
Hepatomegaly, liver pain. Abdominal wall varicose veins, weight loss, fever, jaundice, such as elevated serum AFP, some suffering from liver cancer before the bleeding before the diagnosis of liver cancer, or are receiving treatment, some with less bleeding as the first symptom.
(B) performance of bleeding
Subcapsular liver bleeding, showed sudden liver pain, right upper quadrant mass rapid increase. Liver tenderness and tension, North Korea, such as fertilizer, can be associated with nausea, vomiting, looking pale and a cold sweat, dizziness, palpitations, to speed up the pulse, blood pressure, such as blood volume declined less than the performance of smaller rupture if liver cancer, bleeding slowly, Blood volume can be no shortage of performance, or only minor pain liver limitations, 3-5 days to ease; liver cancer were broken into the abdominal perforation capsule, showed sudden abdominal pain, and then reduce the pain And spread to the entire abdomen, accompanied by acute peritonitis and the performance of bleeding, such as abdominal pain, abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, looking pale and a cold sweat, to speed up the pulse, abdominal tension, mobility Zhuoyin positive, the patient quickly into shock状态. Severe abdominal pain rate was 54% -100%, the shock rate was 17% -100%, peritoneal irritation sign up to 92 percent.
Third, the diagnosis
The diagnosis of the disease in general it is not difficult, especially liver cancer diagnosis has been clear and the greater amount of bleeding. If less amount of bleeding, the diagnosis more difficult, have a history of liver cancer in patients with cirrhosis, or forced suddenly appeared after the right upper quadrant pain or hemorrhagic shock and diffuse peritonitis performance, should guard against the possibility of this disease. Diagnosis of abdominal wear, CT, B Chaodeng inspection, in particular the diagnosis of abdominal wear on the larger significance of the diagnosis, therefore, for unknown reasons the abdominal pain, abdominal distention, peritoneal irritation sign, should the diagnosis of abdominal wear line . The diagnosis of liver cancer patients have not yet clear, the sudden onset of abdominal distention, abdominal pain associated with peritoneal irritation sign and shock performance, should be held B-abdomen, CT, diagnostic angiography and abdominal wear such as checks to clear availability of liver Of liver cancer lesions and bleeding. The diagnosis of the disease may refer to the following diagnostic criteria:
1, a serious liver damage performance, AFP positive.
2, abdominal not out of the blood coagulation, the positive rate of 100 percent, AFP abdominal puncture of bile analysis of amylase, or check positive performance of cancer cells.
3, hemoglobin level of decline, often in the 90 g / L below.
4, B-chao, CT hepatic artery was performed and found that tumors can rupture, abdominal bleeding.
4, treatment
Neoplasms bleeding often sharp, dangerous, the need for immediate rescue, or stable condition after the liver should be actively considered for the treatment of primary lesions.
(A) non-surgical treatment
1, emergency handling lesser amount of bleeding. Should rest sits flat, restrictions on activities, Fudai compression bandaging, the amount of bleeding, failed bloody cycle of failure around the time the patient should be in blood pressure, pulse, breathing, heart rate and consciousness conducted intensive care and anti-shock therapy.
2, added a smaller blood volume bleeding can only add to the liquid crystal, the amount of bleeding, lose blood circulation around the failure of patients to be timely infusion of new blood or blood components.
(B) surgical treatment
The condition of dangerous, high mortality, all with surgical operation indications should be treated immediately.
Surgical indications:
(1) of the general situation is good, the age of 60 years;
(2) expressly for liver cancer bleeding, with shock, short-term hemoglobin rapidly declining;
(3) can not rule out other causes bleeding, or other acute abdomen need surgical exploration;
(4) compensatory liver function is good, especially hepatic encephalopathy. Massive ascites, or other important organ dysfunction, it is estimated that tumors can be removed or other effective treatment.
(B) TCM treatment
The disease Jizhou, dangerous conditions and high mortality, the use of Chinese medicine treatment is still rare.
中文 » 英语 翻译
2008-07-12
The clinical manifestations of hepatitis
China's high rate of hepatitis B virus carrier, about> 10% of those infected with hepatitis B virus in only 50 to 60 percent develop into hepatitis. And the development of a hepatitis patient in only 1 / 3 about to develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer, the majority of patients with good prognosis. Therefore, the hepatitis B virus infection in patients with not too much tension, and do not relax our vigilance, pay attention to protective, to regular inspection and treatment.
Healthy people pay attention to their way of life and behavior, cut off the invasion of liver virus by mouth, blood, the infection channels.
What circumstances, should be to seek medical treatment
Symptoms
As the disease may be misdiagnosed as flu, or because some patients do not have any symptoms, causing many cases of hepatitis not be diagnosed. Common symptoms of hepatitis are:
Oil burnout, loss of appetite, decrease.
Weak, lazy move.
Low-grade fever.
Muscle or joint pain. Acid trapped leg discomfort, a little while it difficult to support activities
Nausea, vomiting and abdominal distention, often after drinking increased.
Abdominal pain. A right upper quadrant of the continuing pain, individual patients can be a kind of acupuncture-like pain or distraction, in the event, after increasing sedentary, bed rest can be alleviated, the right spot at the increase, the left lying at ease.
Niaohuang some patients, such as color Nongcha urine, feces or gray Sedan, diarrhea or is bleeding.
Jaundice, yellow skin, yellow eyes, also made the following situation should be to seek medical treatment
Continuing the flu-like symptoms or other more severe punishment performance. Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis or even death.
A friend or family member has hepatitis, then you may also be pathogen infection.
You have been to the onset of symptoms in a high incidence of hepatitis after the country; you travel, may also be infected.
Had hepatitis, skin at some changes. As the skin to change the naked eye can see, With this knowledge, will be on early detection of diseases have some help.
Hepatitis against the skin changes, people might think of first is jaundice, yellow skin, eyes are yellow. We presented here is the hepatitis performance of several other skin.
(1) rash
Infected with the hepatitis, 1/5-1/3 of the rash can occur. Common with erythema, Ban Qiuzhen. These symptoms often jaundice or other symptoms appear before there can be 1-6 weeks. It was the rash, such as scarlet fever patients to rash, while others are allergic purpura, and erythema multiforme, some nerves and blood vessels edema. Therefore, once the rash appears, do not forget to check have hepatitis.
(2) children Papular dermatitis acromegaly
This dermatitis patients, to 2 to 6-year-old preschool children most, a few young people. This time the damage to the skin, usually located in the terminal face and limbs.
中文 » 英语 翻译
Healthy people pay attention to their way of life and behavior, cut off the invasion of liver virus by mouth, blood, the infection channels.
What circumstances, should be to seek medical treatment
Symptoms
As the disease may be misdiagnosed as flu, or because some patients do not have any symptoms, causing many cases of hepatitis not be diagnosed. Common symptoms of hepatitis are:
Oil burnout, loss of appetite, decrease.
Weak, lazy move.
Low-grade fever.
Muscle or joint pain. Acid trapped leg discomfort, a little while it difficult to support activities
Nausea, vomiting and abdominal distention, often after drinking increased.
Abdominal pain. A right upper quadrant of the continuing pain, individual patients can be a kind of acupuncture-like pain or distraction, in the event, after increasing sedentary, bed rest can be alleviated, the right spot at the increase, the left lying at ease.
Niaohuang some patients, such as color Nongcha urine, feces or gray Sedan, diarrhea or is bleeding.
Jaundice, yellow skin, yellow eyes, also made the following situation should be to seek medical treatment
Continuing the flu-like symptoms or other more severe punishment performance. Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis or even death.
A friend or family member has hepatitis, then you may also be pathogen infection.
You have been to the onset of symptoms in a high incidence of hepatitis after the country; you travel, may also be infected.
Had hepatitis, skin at some changes. As the skin to change the naked eye can see, With this knowledge, will be on early detection of diseases have some help.
Hepatitis against the skin changes, people might think of first is jaundice, yellow skin, eyes are yellow. We presented here is the hepatitis performance of several other skin.
(1) rash
Infected with the hepatitis, 1/5-1/3 of the rash can occur. Common with erythema, Ban Qiuzhen. These symptoms often jaundice or other symptoms appear before there can be 1-6 weeks. It was the rash, such as scarlet fever patients to rash, while others are allergic purpura, and erythema multiforme, some nerves and blood vessels edema. Therefore, once the rash appears, do not forget to check have hepatitis.
(2) children Papular dermatitis acromegaly
This dermatitis patients, to 2 to 6-year-old preschool children most, a few young people. This time the damage to the skin, usually located in the terminal face and limbs.
中文 » 英语 翻译
Hepatitis C can develop into liver cancer
We often said that liver cancer is generally caused by various reasons in primary liver hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer is most closely connected, liver cancer patients in 75 percent of hepatitis B surface antigen positive for the virus, hepatitis B virus is a major cause of primary liver cancer. The polymerase chain reaction in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding tissue in cancer detection of hepatitis C virus RNA that hepatitis C virus and liver cancer, it is reported that hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection can increase the overlap The opportunity to develop liver cancer. Hepatitis C virus has been able to lead to the occurrence of liver cancer, hepatitis C virus is likely to have a direct role in cancer, hepatitis C virus may be to the occurrence of liver cirrhosis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer to further development. The real mechanism is currently being examined.
Basic knowledge of liver cancer
Liver cancer outlined
Liver cancer is the tumor in the liver, the primary and secondary points. Liver cancer in Chinese medicine in the "accumulation", "Zhengjia," "jaundice" and "expansion", "Xie Tong" and other areas.
Liver cancer is one of our common malignancy, the average age of 44-year-old sick. A high degree of malignant liver disease, have developed rapidly, if not treated promptly or improper treatment options, the average survival time for six months.
1, primary liver cancer: a liver cells or epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile duct cancer. Like patients with cirrhosis easy to primary liver cancer.
2, secondary liver cancer: the other organs of the body is transferred to liver cancer and secondary liver cancer formation. Most of the cancer, colorectal cancer caused by the transfer. A small number of bile duct cancer and pancreatic cancer from the liver caused by the transfer.
With misprision of liver cancer onset, the incubation period is long, high grade, progress faster, stronger invasive and easy to transfer characteristics of poor prognosis. Its incidence is increasing year by year trend. So early discovery, early diagnosis and early treatment is to reduce the suffering of patients with liver cancer a big help. At present, only palm prints diagnosis can achieve this level.
Surgical treatment of liver cancer
Surgery in the treatment of liver cancer still accounts for the leading position. In recent years, new theories, new technology and new concepts on the basis of liver cancer surgery have a lot of progress. In the past a single large liver cancer on the basis of removal has emerged can significantly improve the efficacy of small hepatocellular carcinoma removed, could significantly prolong survival after resection of sub-clinical stage of the recurrence of further removal, and some can not be removed to provide a way out of liver cancer "Excision of liver cancer can not be reduced after removal."
Since the origin of many features of liver cancer, therefore, when the surgical resection larger lesions, the liver will still have some small lesions, with the former doing imaging examination, these tiny lesions may not be found. As the body after surgery the patient's resistance to drop, these small lesions will be rapid development, so the treatment of liver cancer after it is extremely important.
Following are the patients not to liver transplant operation: the existence of the liver difficult to cure the cancer; exist difficult to control the infection (including bacteria, fungi, virus infection); suffering from serious heart, lung, brain, kidneys and other organs is important Qualitative diseases; are difficult to control, such as mental illness or psychopathic.
Liver cancer radiation therapy
Because of radioactive sources, radiation equipment and technological progress, all kinds of imaging examination of the exact location so that radiation therapy in the treatment of liver cancer status has improved, the effects have improved. Suitable for cancer radiation therapy is still limited unresectable liver cancer, is usually tolerated, if larger doses, its effects are better, radiation therapy, radiation through the entire liver, partial radiation, all of the liver mobile radiation, local hyperfractionated radiation, three-dimensional Radiation total over the past useful proton radiation treatment for liver cancer. It is reported radiation total quantities exceeding 40 Gy (4000rads capacity gas) combined traditional Chinese medicine to Qi Jianpi year survival rate of 72.7 percent, five-year survival rate of 10%, with surgery and chemotherapy treatment would have to kill residual cancer, chemotherapy Radiotherapy also from the sensitizing effect. Hepatic artery injection of Y-90 microspheres, 131 I-iodized oil, or isotopes, such as monoclonal antibodies labeled with radiation therapy can play a role.
Liver cancer chemotherapy
Is generally believed that a single intravenous drug less effective. And the use of hepatic artery administration (or) embolization, and to meet internal and external radiation therapy more applications, the effect more pronounced. For some of the indications of advanced liver cancer without surgery, and the portal vein tumor thrombus hepatic artery blockage should not be involved in treatment and palliative surgery after some patients may be combined or sequential chemotherapy.
In Germany, advanced liver cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, medication is only the domestic 1 / 3, a single drug varieties. In China, doctors and patients to the maximum extent possible in order to kill cancer cells, the drug on the stand for "large doses" and "variety."
Two different ideas of the results are different: Germany in patients with advanced liver cancer after diagnosis, the average year survival rate was 70 percent more than two years, the survival rate of 50 percent or more. In China, the vast majority of advanced liver cancer patients from diagnosis to death is generally not more than six months. "Heavyweight" treatment for many patients the remaining normal liver function impairment, decreased immunity and ultimately died because of liver failure. However, in the one-sided pursuit of killing cancer cells under the guiding ideology, even if the patient nausea and vomiting, high fever abdominal pain, the two sides agreed that a normal patient. Guangzhou, a major hospital had more than 100 liver cancer patients had died track and found that over 40% of the patients died of liver function decline, rather than the true sense of "liver cancer."
Chinese medicine treatment of liver cancer
Liver cancer as a malignant tumor of the first, its lethality, the death rate remains high. China's theory of Chinese medicine based on solid, broad use, as long as the dialectical rational drug use, there are good results. The main problems:
First, to maximize the protection of liver function
The liver is the largest human digestive gland, the task is arduous, and participation in the body of digestion and metabolism, absorption and utilization activities. Once the abnormal liver function will appear glucose metabolism, protein metabolism, fat and a series of radio and other disorders. Most liver cancer patients have died due to liver failure or abnormal liver function leading to portal hypertension caused by gastrointestinal bleeding. Chinese medicine treatment in the dialectic on the basis of maximum protection to resume the liver, focusing on the tumor and not focus on the improvement of symptoms. Symptoms improved, and stable or shrinking the tumor.
Second, the greatest extent possible to reduce complications
Most liver cancer patients Hypersplenism liver cancer patients is the most serious complications, it can cause abnormal hematopoietic system, coagulation dysfunction, coupled with portal hypertension, resulting in a high degree of gastric varicose veins, easily cause gastrointestinal bleeding. Abnormal liver function there will be less than protein synthesis, a low-protein, caused massive ascites. Tumor suppression excretion of bile there will be obstacles, such as cause jaundice. The use of Chinese medicine Spleen Qi, Xiao derivative, Ruanjiansanjie, and other characteristics of the treatment can reach the AFP declined, normal liver function and increase phagocytes, T-cell, the effect of tumor necrosis factor, and promote the increase in patient volume diet, eliminating Ascites, Quchu jaundice, the continued control of tumor growth.
Third, the greatest scope to improve the quality of life of patients and quality of life
Cancer now is still the world's disease. A regular hospital doctors, who would dare said no cure, but for liver cancer incidence part of the rich blood supply, double sets of blood supply, transfer fast, rapid growth of the characteristics of Chinese medicine from the external symptoms of focus, to take "encircling the cities from rural areas" Strategic thinking, lifting the number of patients from the original primary symptoms. Through Chinese medicine treatment of patients generally do not pain, ascites disappeared and liver function to normal, jaundice dissipated, to "zone of survival" purposes. Survival in the original three to six months, patients can be extended to 1 to 3 years, or even longer, and patients can take care of themselves, to participate in some sports.
Because 80 percent of liver cancer cases diagnosed at the already advanced, the use of surgery for removal rate is very low, chemotherapy, radiation therapy has the effect unsatisfactory, so, Chinese medicine therapy in the treatment of liver cancer occupies a certain position.
[Treatment Dialectical]
1, spleen deficiency Liver Depression
Main card: Xietong abdominal distention, Tang will be less food, body weight loss, leg swelling or ascites, short fat tongue moss Baini, pulse string slip or slide.
Treatment: Shugan Jieyu, Yiqi Jianpi
Recipe: Xiaoyaosan ( "of the Council") of the Senate Baishu Powder ( "the agent") addition and subtraction.
2, liver and gallbladder hot and humid
Main card: You Xie pain, upset irritability, food less nausea, who heads both yellow and have fever, dry mouth bitter mouth, abdominal Zhang Man, they stem Sou Chek, Shezhi red, yellow greasy moss, pulse string slip Few.
Treatment: Qinggan Lishi, swelling of the guitar
Recipe: Yinchenhao Tang ( "typhoid fever") or Yinchen Sini Tang ( "Chang medical specialists") addition and subtraction.
3, Qizhixueyu
Main card: Xiexia Seoul block Kennedy Man, pushing the fixed, according to resist; expansion increased threat, particularly at night, abdominal Qingjin exposed to radiation to back; inability to burnout, Nadaishaosi, Aiqi hiccup, or it will end Tang ; An Shezhi or normal, while a Yuban, Moss thin or thin yellow, or vein-thin string or Shibuya.
Treatment: Qi Shugan, casual blood Xiaozheng
Recipe: Bupleurum Powder ( "King Yue Guidebook") alloy bell Powder ( "Q-» pathogenesis of gas-to-life ") addition and subtraction
4, liver and kidney yin vacuity
Main card: An looking Hui, Zhang Man abdominal big, physical Leishou, Yaoxisuanruan, tinnitus, blinking, night sweats low heat, Kouganshezao, subcutaneous Purpura, worse blood in the stool, hematemesis, short red urine, Shehong less Moss, veins String of small breakdown.
Treatment: Ziyin Rougan, soft guitar Kennedy Consumers
Recipe: Yiguanjian ( "Liuzhou Medical Talks"), plus or minus Fumai soup ( "temperature of the disease identified") addition and subtraction
Green non-toxic therapies improve survival rates of liver cancer
Surgery is the primary means of treatment of liver cancer, liver cancer of the small five-year survival rate of 60-70%, while the 5-year survival rate of liver cancer less than 20%.
And Chinese medicine in the treatment of liver cancer, may play an important role. But blindly advanced liver cancer patients, a large number of "Yidugongdu", "promoting blood circulation Huayu" of Chinese medicine, can lead to illness or even add to the deterioration. Therefore, Chinese medicine treatment in the selection of the time, we should also pay particular attention to whether symptomatic selected drugs.
"Green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy," the advent of liver cancer in the treatment of this subject has made breakthrough progress in five-year survival rate was significantly increased. The outcome of the five governing the treatment of liver cancer has played a full role in the rehabilitation. Such as: soft-kin of the end of the liver tumor can narrow; Qingrejiedu law to remove liver cancer drugs, and the accumulation of long-cancer drugs as soon as possible from in vitro; Yiqi Yangxue law may promote the recovery of the body surgery patients to prevent cancer Transfer and relapse; Shugan Jianpi law to reduce radiotherapy and chemotherapy side effects and increase the radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment; Fuzhengquxie of advanced patients to reduce the pain and extended survival of patients with the time. Therefore, with no surgery or pancreas, gallbladder, and other transfer or post-operative patients, as much as possible as soon as possible the "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" treatment, some patients as long as the 1-2 course of treatment, symptoms will be obvious pain Mitigation, the mass will also narrow, ascites disappeared. Clinical data show that the "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" after treatment, liver cancer survival rate increased significantly.
Related links: "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" is a new method for treating cancer, in succession on the basis of traditional therapy for innovation and development, learn from their essence and discard the dross. The therapy based on the overall concept of Chinese medicine, herbal medicine in the selection of drug fresh ideas on the source and to non-toxic painless in the drug group, on the follow Jun Zuoshi to attenuated to improve efficiency, Qulibihai in clinics Emphasizes the process of dialectical therapy, be targeted at specific treatment persist Fuzhengquxie, Quxie without being injured. "Green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" with a lot of importance on the all-round, multi-level, multi-target integrated conditioning, so as to achieve physical and psychological Tongzhi, the purpose of tackling both the symptoms. In addition, the "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" for convenience, and broad indication of the low-cost advantages, it has won more tens of thousands of cancer patients the favor!
Liver cancer is the tumor in the liver, the primary and secondary points. Liver cancer in Chinese medicine in the "accumulation", "Zhengjia," "jaundice" and "expansion", "Xie Tong" and other areas.
Liver cancer is one of our common malignancy, the average age of 44-year-old sick. A high degree of malignant liver disease, have developed rapidly, if not treated promptly or improper treatment options, the average survival time for six months.
1, primary liver cancer: a liver cells or epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile duct cancer. Like patients with cirrhosis easy to primary liver cancer.
2, secondary liver cancer: the other organs of the body is transferred to liver cancer and secondary liver cancer formation. Most of the cancer, colorectal cancer caused by the transfer. A small number of bile duct cancer and pancreatic cancer from the liver caused by the transfer.
With misprision of liver cancer onset, the incubation period is long, high grade, progress faster, stronger invasive and easy to transfer characteristics of poor prognosis. Its incidence is increasing year by year trend. So early discovery, early diagnosis and early treatment is to reduce the suffering of patients with liver cancer a big help. At present, only palm prints diagnosis can achieve this level.
Surgical treatment of liver cancer
Surgery in the treatment of liver cancer still accounts for the leading position. In recent years, new theories, new technology and new concepts on the basis of liver cancer surgery have a lot of progress. In the past a single large liver cancer on the basis of removal has emerged can significantly improve the efficacy of small hepatocellular carcinoma removed, could significantly prolong survival after resection of sub-clinical stage of the recurrence of further removal, and some can not be removed to provide a way out of liver cancer "Excision of liver cancer can not be reduced after removal."
Since the origin of many features of liver cancer, therefore, when the surgical resection larger lesions, the liver will still have some small lesions, with the former doing imaging examination, these tiny lesions may not be found. As the body after surgery the patient's resistance to drop, these small lesions will be rapid development, so the treatment of liver cancer after it is extremely important.
Following are the patients not to liver transplant operation: the existence of the liver difficult to cure the cancer; exist difficult to control the infection (including bacteria, fungi, virus infection); suffering from serious heart, lung, brain, kidneys and other organs is important Qualitative diseases; are difficult to control, such as mental illness or psychopathic.
Liver cancer radiation therapy
Because of radioactive sources, radiation equipment and technological progress, all kinds of imaging examination of the exact location so that radiation therapy in the treatment of liver cancer status has improved, the effects have improved. Suitable for cancer radiation therapy is still limited unresectable liver cancer, is usually tolerated, if larger doses, its effects are better, radiation therapy, radiation through the entire liver, partial radiation, all of the liver mobile radiation, local hyperfractionated radiation, three-dimensional Radiation total over the past useful proton radiation treatment for liver cancer. It is reported radiation total quantities exceeding 40 Gy (4000rads capacity gas) combined traditional Chinese medicine to Qi Jianpi year survival rate of 72.7 percent, five-year survival rate of 10%, with surgery and chemotherapy treatment would have to kill residual cancer, chemotherapy Radiotherapy also from the sensitizing effect. Hepatic artery injection of Y-90 microspheres, 131 I-iodized oil, or isotopes, such as monoclonal antibodies labeled with radiation therapy can play a role.
Liver cancer chemotherapy
Is generally believed that a single intravenous drug less effective. And the use of hepatic artery administration (or) embolization, and to meet internal and external radiation therapy more applications, the effect more pronounced. For some of the indications of advanced liver cancer without surgery, and the portal vein tumor thrombus hepatic artery blockage should not be involved in treatment and palliative surgery after some patients may be combined or sequential chemotherapy.
In Germany, advanced liver cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, medication is only the domestic 1 / 3, a single drug varieties. In China, doctors and patients to the maximum extent possible in order to kill cancer cells, the drug on the stand for "large doses" and "variety."
Two different ideas of the results are different: Germany in patients with advanced liver cancer after diagnosis, the average year survival rate was 70 percent more than two years, the survival rate of 50 percent or more. In China, the vast majority of advanced liver cancer patients from diagnosis to death is generally not more than six months. "Heavyweight" treatment for many patients the remaining normal liver function impairment, decreased immunity and ultimately died because of liver failure. However, in the one-sided pursuit of killing cancer cells under the guiding ideology, even if the patient nausea and vomiting, high fever abdominal pain, the two sides agreed that a normal patient. Guangzhou, a major hospital had more than 100 liver cancer patients had died track and found that over 40% of the patients died of liver function decline, rather than the true sense of "liver cancer."
Chinese medicine treatment of liver cancer
Liver cancer as a malignant tumor of the first, its lethality, the death rate remains high. China's theory of Chinese medicine based on solid, broad use, as long as the dialectical rational drug use, there are good results. The main problems:
First, to maximize the protection of liver function
The liver is the largest human digestive gland, the task is arduous, and participation in the body of digestion and metabolism, absorption and utilization activities. Once the abnormal liver function will appear glucose metabolism, protein metabolism, fat and a series of radio and other disorders. Most liver cancer patients have died due to liver failure or abnormal liver function leading to portal hypertension caused by gastrointestinal bleeding. Chinese medicine treatment in the dialectic on the basis of maximum protection to resume the liver, focusing on the tumor and not focus on the improvement of symptoms. Symptoms improved, and stable or shrinking the tumor.
Second, the greatest extent possible to reduce complications
Most liver cancer patients Hypersplenism liver cancer patients is the most serious complications, it can cause abnormal hematopoietic system, coagulation dysfunction, coupled with portal hypertension, resulting in a high degree of gastric varicose veins, easily cause gastrointestinal bleeding. Abnormal liver function there will be less than protein synthesis, a low-protein, caused massive ascites. Tumor suppression excretion of bile there will be obstacles, such as cause jaundice. The use of Chinese medicine Spleen Qi, Xiao derivative, Ruanjiansanjie, and other characteristics of the treatment can reach the AFP declined, normal liver function and increase phagocytes, T-cell, the effect of tumor necrosis factor, and promote the increase in patient volume diet, eliminating Ascites, Quchu jaundice, the continued control of tumor growth.
Third, the greatest scope to improve the quality of life of patients and quality of life
Cancer now is still the world's disease. A regular hospital doctors, who would dare said no cure, but for liver cancer incidence part of the rich blood supply, double sets of blood supply, transfer fast, rapid growth of the characteristics of Chinese medicine from the external symptoms of focus, to take "encircling the cities from rural areas" Strategic thinking, lifting the number of patients from the original primary symptoms. Through Chinese medicine treatment of patients generally do not pain, ascites disappeared and liver function to normal, jaundice dissipated, to "zone of survival" purposes. Survival in the original three to six months, patients can be extended to 1 to 3 years, or even longer, and patients can take care of themselves, to participate in some sports.
Because 80 percent of liver cancer cases diagnosed at the already advanced, the use of surgery for removal rate is very low, chemotherapy, radiation therapy has the effect unsatisfactory, so, Chinese medicine therapy in the treatment of liver cancer occupies a certain position.
[Treatment Dialectical]
1, spleen deficiency Liver Depression
Main card: Xietong abdominal distention, Tang will be less food, body weight loss, leg swelling or ascites, short fat tongue moss Baini, pulse string slip or slide.
Treatment: Shugan Jieyu, Yiqi Jianpi
Recipe: Xiaoyaosan ( "of the Council") of the Senate Baishu Powder ( "the agent") addition and subtraction.
2, liver and gallbladder hot and humid
Main card: You Xie pain, upset irritability, food less nausea, who heads both yellow and have fever, dry mouth bitter mouth, abdominal Zhang Man, they stem Sou Chek, Shezhi red, yellow greasy moss, pulse string slip Few.
Treatment: Qinggan Lishi, swelling of the guitar
Recipe: Yinchenhao Tang ( "typhoid fever") or Yinchen Sini Tang ( "Chang medical specialists") addition and subtraction.
3, Qizhixueyu
Main card: Xiexia Seoul block Kennedy Man, pushing the fixed, according to resist; expansion increased threat, particularly at night, abdominal Qingjin exposed to radiation to back; inability to burnout, Nadaishaosi, Aiqi hiccup, or it will end Tang ; An Shezhi or normal, while a Yuban, Moss thin or thin yellow, or vein-thin string or Shibuya.
Treatment: Qi Shugan, casual blood Xiaozheng
Recipe: Bupleurum Powder ( "King Yue Guidebook") alloy bell Powder ( "Q-» pathogenesis of gas-to-life ") addition and subtraction
4, liver and kidney yin vacuity
Main card: An looking Hui, Zhang Man abdominal big, physical Leishou, Yaoxisuanruan, tinnitus, blinking, night sweats low heat, Kouganshezao, subcutaneous Purpura, worse blood in the stool, hematemesis, short red urine, Shehong less Moss, veins String of small breakdown.
Treatment: Ziyin Rougan, soft guitar Kennedy Consumers
Recipe: Yiguanjian ( "Liuzhou Medical Talks"), plus or minus Fumai soup ( "temperature of the disease identified") addition and subtraction
Green non-toxic therapies improve survival rates of liver cancer
Surgery is the primary means of treatment of liver cancer, liver cancer of the small five-year survival rate of 60-70%, while the 5-year survival rate of liver cancer less than 20%.
And Chinese medicine in the treatment of liver cancer, may play an important role. But blindly advanced liver cancer patients, a large number of "Yidugongdu", "promoting blood circulation Huayu" of Chinese medicine, can lead to illness or even add to the deterioration. Therefore, Chinese medicine treatment in the selection of the time, we should also pay particular attention to whether symptomatic selected drugs.
"Green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy," the advent of liver cancer in the treatment of this subject has made breakthrough progress in five-year survival rate was significantly increased. The outcome of the five governing the treatment of liver cancer has played a full role in the rehabilitation. Such as: soft-kin of the end of the liver tumor can narrow; Qingrejiedu law to remove liver cancer drugs, and the accumulation of long-cancer drugs as soon as possible from in vitro; Yiqi Yangxue law may promote the recovery of the body surgery patients to prevent cancer Transfer and relapse; Shugan Jianpi law to reduce radiotherapy and chemotherapy side effects and increase the radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment; Fuzhengquxie of advanced patients to reduce the pain and extended survival of patients with the time. Therefore, with no surgery or pancreas, gallbladder, and other transfer or post-operative patients, as much as possible as soon as possible the "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" treatment, some patients as long as the 1-2 course of treatment, symptoms will be obvious pain Mitigation, the mass will also narrow, ascites disappeared. Clinical data show that the "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" after treatment, liver cancer survival rate increased significantly.
Related links: "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" is a new method for treating cancer, in succession on the basis of traditional therapy for innovation and development, learn from their essence and discard the dross. The therapy based on the overall concept of Chinese medicine, herbal medicine in the selection of drug fresh ideas on the source and to non-toxic painless in the drug group, on the follow Jun Zuoshi to attenuated to improve efficiency, Qulibihai in clinics Emphasizes the process of dialectical therapy, be targeted at specific treatment persist Fuzhengquxie, Quxie without being injured. "Green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" with a lot of importance on the all-round, multi-level, multi-target integrated conditioning, so as to achieve physical and psychological Tongzhi, the purpose of tackling both the symptoms. In addition, the "green non-toxic anti-cancer therapy" for convenience, and broad indication of the low-cost advantages, it has won more tens of thousands of cancer patients the favor!
The clinical manifestations of fatty liver
Loss of appetite, fatigue
This is often associated with liver disease in patients with symptoms of the patients if a loss of appetite, fatigue, burnout oil, abdominal distention, liver pain, and ruled out the cold, acute gastritis and other liver disease, fatty liver should be suspected to be the possibility of .
Nausea and vomiting
Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms of clinical. Nausea and vomiting often the precursors to feel, but can also appear separately, mainly shown on the special abdominal discomfort, often accompanied with dizziness, drooling, slow pulse, blood pressure lowering, and other symptoms. Vomiting refers to the contents of stomach contents or part of small intestine, through the esophageal reflux into the mouth of a complex reflex action. Hepatobiliary gastric diseases have frequently nausea, vomiting or to Ou symptoms, such as acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis (B, A, etc.), liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic gastritis, and so on. If fatty liver associated with liver damage, with nausea to Ou, disgust oil, the symptoms of abdominal distention, such as the liver.
Hepatomegaly
Fatty liver is a common performance for liver enlargement. If the liver capsule by extension expansion, liver ligament was traction, or inflammation of fatty cyst rupture, that liver pain and tenderness, with anti-Tiaotong, fever, WBC increased.
Fatty liver in patients with hepatomegaly: About 90 percent of patients with liver can be palpable, 30% mild hepatomegaly, such as liver storage of fat in the liver weight more than 40 percent, may have significant liver, but as painless. Although the liver enlargement, and its shape remained normal. If the check when its texture normal liver, or Shaojue soft. And smooth surface with no tenderness, consideration should be given to the possibility of fatty liver. However, because of fatty liver than its soft texture, although the enlargement in the abdominal palpation under often difficult to breach that. If the obesity caused by excessive nutrition, chronic alcoholism, diabetes, chronic tuberculosis, anemia and other serious diseases exist, can help determine whether those with fatty liver. Hepatomegaly also more common in all types of viral hepatitis, liver cancer, amoebic abscess, liver cirrhosis, liver, such as tuberculosis, it should be clear of symptoms at diagnosis, laboratory tests and imaging examination (B-chao, CT, etc.) Confirmed.
Zhi Zhuzhi
Zhizhu Zhi is the end of arteries skin branch formed by the expansion of vascular mole, the shape of the spider, it said Zhizhu Zhi.
Zhi Zhuzhi appear in many parts of the superior vena cava distribution of the region, such as the face, neck, back, upper arm, chest and shoulder, and so on. Ranging from the size of its moles in diameter can be large needle to a few centimeters above. Check with your fingertips or (needle) matches rods oppression mole at the centre (that is, the central artery small cadre), the radial small vascular network that is fade, remove the pressure and then a resumption.
Zhizhu Zhi in the liver and is generally believed that the estrogen in the weakening of the inactivated. Common in acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver. Chronic liver disease (including fatty liver) in the occasion of the palm-sized fish often redness, such as the back-pressure, known as the liver palms, and the mechanism of the same Zhizhu Zhi. According to reports, 270 cases of liver biopsy confirmed fatty liver for eight percent of patients have Zhizhu Zhi, fatty liver improved after Zhizhu Zhi disappeared, three cases of conversion from fatty liver cirrhosis, Zhi Zhuzhi increase.
Endocrine disorders
Liver for many places inactivated hormone metabolism, fatty liver, in addition to the patients there Zhizhu Zhi, but also can have male breast development, testicular atrophy, impotence, female, too many, amenorrhea, the patient, such as weight loss or increase performance.
Changes in patient weight category of cortisol that is inactivated reduction in the liver, leading to increased volume of cortisol in the blood, patients with metabolic basis of change, and see the changes in body weight. Liver dysfunction, sugar, protein, fat metabolism will be three major obstacles, will also lead to weight loss in patients with obesity or there.
Vitamin deficiency
Fatty liver, due to accumulation of fat in the diet combined lack of vitamin, a variety of patients-vitamin deficiency. Clinical visible peripheral neuritis, Sheyan, Koujiao Yan, Paper liver Yuban, hyperkeratosis, and so on.
Vitamin that is often a lack of fatty liver disease due to the lack of vitamin intake, but others argue that serious liver damage, liver tissue in the vitamin content also decreased, the accumulation of fat in the diet of vitamin merger is the lack of symptoms led to a lack of vitamin Two main reasons.
Jaundice
Jaundice is due to obstacles in bilirubin metabolism, the concentration of bilirubin in the blood increased, infiltration of organizations, in particular the sclera, dyed yellow skin and mucous membrane caused by.
Jaundice in accordance with the mechanism of clinical can be divided into hemolytic, liver cells and obstruction of 3. Fatty liver, often for the type of jaundice and liver cells, this type of jaundice frequently have fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite and other symptoms. Clinical data have revealed that only a small number of fatty liver disease who will appear mild jaundice. Fat in the liver was removed jaundice that is dissipated.
This is often associated with liver disease in patients with symptoms of the patients if a loss of appetite, fatigue, burnout oil, abdominal distention, liver pain, and ruled out the cold, acute gastritis and other liver disease, fatty liver should be suspected to be the possibility of .
Nausea and vomiting
Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms of clinical. Nausea and vomiting often the precursors to feel, but can also appear separately, mainly shown on the special abdominal discomfort, often accompanied with dizziness, drooling, slow pulse, blood pressure lowering, and other symptoms. Vomiting refers to the contents of stomach contents or part of small intestine, through the esophageal reflux into the mouth of a complex reflex action. Hepatobiliary gastric diseases have frequently nausea, vomiting or to Ou symptoms, such as acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis (B, A, etc.), liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic gastritis, and so on. If fatty liver associated with liver damage, with nausea to Ou, disgust oil, the symptoms of abdominal distention, such as the liver.
Hepatomegaly
Fatty liver is a common performance for liver enlargement. If the liver capsule by extension expansion, liver ligament was traction, or inflammation of fatty cyst rupture, that liver pain and tenderness, with anti-Tiaotong, fever, WBC increased.
Fatty liver in patients with hepatomegaly: About 90 percent of patients with liver can be palpable, 30% mild hepatomegaly, such as liver storage of fat in the liver weight more than 40 percent, may have significant liver, but as painless. Although the liver enlargement, and its shape remained normal. If the check when its texture normal liver, or Shaojue soft. And smooth surface with no tenderness, consideration should be given to the possibility of fatty liver. However, because of fatty liver than its soft texture, although the enlargement in the abdominal palpation under often difficult to breach that. If the obesity caused by excessive nutrition, chronic alcoholism, diabetes, chronic tuberculosis, anemia and other serious diseases exist, can help determine whether those with fatty liver. Hepatomegaly also more common in all types of viral hepatitis, liver cancer, amoebic abscess, liver cirrhosis, liver, such as tuberculosis, it should be clear of symptoms at diagnosis, laboratory tests and imaging examination (B-chao, CT, etc.) Confirmed.
Zhi Zhuzhi
Zhizhu Zhi is the end of arteries skin branch formed by the expansion of vascular mole, the shape of the spider, it said Zhizhu Zhi.
Zhi Zhuzhi appear in many parts of the superior vena cava distribution of the region, such as the face, neck, back, upper arm, chest and shoulder, and so on. Ranging from the size of its moles in diameter can be large needle to a few centimeters above. Check with your fingertips or (needle) matches rods oppression mole at the centre (that is, the central artery small cadre), the radial small vascular network that is fade, remove the pressure and then a resumption.
Zhizhu Zhi in the liver and is generally believed that the estrogen in the weakening of the inactivated. Common in acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver. Chronic liver disease (including fatty liver) in the occasion of the palm-sized fish often redness, such as the back-pressure, known as the liver palms, and the mechanism of the same Zhizhu Zhi. According to reports, 270 cases of liver biopsy confirmed fatty liver for eight percent of patients have Zhizhu Zhi, fatty liver improved after Zhizhu Zhi disappeared, three cases of conversion from fatty liver cirrhosis, Zhi Zhuzhi increase.
Endocrine disorders
Liver for many places inactivated hormone metabolism, fatty liver, in addition to the patients there Zhizhu Zhi, but also can have male breast development, testicular atrophy, impotence, female, too many, amenorrhea, the patient, such as weight loss or increase performance.
Changes in patient weight category of cortisol that is inactivated reduction in the liver, leading to increased volume of cortisol in the blood, patients with metabolic basis of change, and see the changes in body weight. Liver dysfunction, sugar, protein, fat metabolism will be three major obstacles, will also lead to weight loss in patients with obesity or there.
Vitamin deficiency
Fatty liver, due to accumulation of fat in the diet combined lack of vitamin, a variety of patients-vitamin deficiency. Clinical visible peripheral neuritis, Sheyan, Koujiao Yan, Paper liver Yuban, hyperkeratosis, and so on.
Vitamin that is often a lack of fatty liver disease due to the lack of vitamin intake, but others argue that serious liver damage, liver tissue in the vitamin content also decreased, the accumulation of fat in the diet of vitamin merger is the lack of symptoms led to a lack of vitamin Two main reasons.
Jaundice
Jaundice is due to obstacles in bilirubin metabolism, the concentration of bilirubin in the blood increased, infiltration of organizations, in particular the sclera, dyed yellow skin and mucous membrane caused by.
Jaundice in accordance with the mechanism of clinical can be divided into hemolytic, liver cells and obstruction of 3. Fatty liver, often for the type of jaundice and liver cells, this type of jaundice frequently have fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite and other symptoms. Clinical data have revealed that only a small number of fatty liver disease who will appear mild jaundice. Fat in the liver was removed jaundice that is dissipated.
Hepatitis B transmission channels
The reason: First, hepatitis B transmission (infection) complicated way, the source of infection is widespread. As a source of infection of hepatitis B patients is not only, and anti-Australian carriers are also important source of infection. Infectious diseases control law is the treatment of patients must be isolated, but the O-carriers (number of) can not control but also beyond the control of its activities and daily life, it is difficult to control the main reason for hepatitis B, which also infected people do not consciously On the reasons for the hepatitis B virus. Nevertheless, we can be a route of transmission of hepatitis B, prevention, can also play a positive role.
Hepatitis B transmission: mainly through blood transfusion (blood products), injection, treatment appliances, vertical, sexual contact and live in close contact, such as transmission. Now all of these channels have taken certain measures, such as strict management of blood donors, with sensitive detection methods of the project, requested medical units on the medical equipment for one person, one with a disinfectant; syringe (blood collection and transfusion, puncture - Pin) are used disposable supplies for the implementation of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination, especially for O-positive pregnant women to newborns born to a timely (within six hours after birth) enough (10 micrograms of hepatitis B vaccine) injection in checkups in Australia have identified one of the positive, ask for vaccination; life transmitted to the control of only the patient or anti-Australian carriers to self-care and protection to prevent their own saliva, blood and other secretions contaminated the surrounding environment, infecting others.
(2) "Da Sanyang" and "Xiao Sanyang"
Body of hepatitis B virus infection, the immune system cells first, "kill" and "eliminate" the "enemy." Through a period of "combat", the body produced a series of "victory" signs that the hepatitis B surface antigen (O-HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-- HBs), e antigen (HBeAg) and e antibody (anti - - HBe), the core antibody (anti-- HBc) and other "two pairs half." How should we view these five signs it » If HBsAg, HBeAg and anti - HBc three positive, that is, they say the "three-" that the virus is active in reproduction and breeding, is highly infectious, the patient is in active condition, Warning patients to the attention of rest and treatment. If HBsAg, anti - HBe and anti - HBc three positive, that is, "Xiao Sanyang," generally refers to the virus replication has been controlled or the patient's condition is basically stable, the trend has improved. Anti-- HBs is in and of the antibody, the positive that the body has immunity, is "victory" signs, after the injection of hepatitis B vaccine is produced in this antibody. Anti-- HBc no protective effect, only that the past infection.
(3) O-carriers can be negative?
In addition to hepatitis B patients, O-carriers of hepatitis B virus infection is the greatest danger of a form, including the surrounding crowd, and their own. The surrounding crowd is not a source of infection has played the role of « Afraid of the crowd around, often escape, the police and far, people embarrassed, I am also worried that not only worried about the transmission of family and friends and their children, but also worried that this development will bring state-of patients, can cure » Can hepatitis B vaccine inoculation » When negative » This is the first to say the Australian carriers do not have vaccination against hepatitis B vaccine, even if the vaccine will not be the body to produce antibodies. Carriers of hepatitis B virus infection from the time to read, perinatal infection and contact with live (and work, study and family) infection. The former is subject to mothers infected with the O-positive impact of O-positive pregnant mothers-to-child transmission rate of about 40-90%, of which three to five percent of the people belong to the womb infection, this part of carriers difficult to cure. Life come in contact with the carriers, through treatment, O-negative is highly likely.
Hepatitis B transmission: mainly through blood transfusion (blood products), injection, treatment appliances, vertical, sexual contact and live in close contact, such as transmission. Now all of these channels have taken certain measures, such as strict management of blood donors, with sensitive detection methods of the project, requested medical units on the medical equipment for one person, one with a disinfectant; syringe (blood collection and transfusion, puncture - Pin) are used disposable supplies for the implementation of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination, especially for O-positive pregnant women to newborns born to a timely (within six hours after birth) enough (10 micrograms of hepatitis B vaccine) injection in checkups in Australia have identified one of the positive, ask for vaccination; life transmitted to the control of only the patient or anti-Australian carriers to self-care and protection to prevent their own saliva, blood and other secretions contaminated the surrounding environment, infecting others.
(2) "Da Sanyang" and "Xiao Sanyang"
Body of hepatitis B virus infection, the immune system cells first, "kill" and "eliminate" the "enemy." Through a period of "combat", the body produced a series of "victory" signs that the hepatitis B surface antigen (O-HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-- HBs), e antigen (HBeAg) and e antibody (anti - - HBe), the core antibody (anti-- HBc) and other "two pairs half." How should we view these five signs it » If HBsAg, HBeAg and anti - HBc three positive, that is, they say the "three-" that the virus is active in reproduction and breeding, is highly infectious, the patient is in active condition, Warning patients to the attention of rest and treatment. If HBsAg, anti - HBe and anti - HBc three positive, that is, "Xiao Sanyang," generally refers to the virus replication has been controlled or the patient's condition is basically stable, the trend has improved. Anti-- HBs is in and of the antibody, the positive that the body has immunity, is "victory" signs, after the injection of hepatitis B vaccine is produced in this antibody. Anti-- HBc no protective effect, only that the past infection.
(3) O-carriers can be negative?
In addition to hepatitis B patients, O-carriers of hepatitis B virus infection is the greatest danger of a form, including the surrounding crowd, and their own. The surrounding crowd is not a source of infection has played the role of « Afraid of the crowd around, often escape, the police and far, people embarrassed, I am also worried that not only worried about the transmission of family and friends and their children, but also worried that this development will bring state-of patients, can cure » Can hepatitis B vaccine inoculation » When negative » This is the first to say the Australian carriers do not have vaccination against hepatitis B vaccine, even if the vaccine will not be the body to produce antibodies. Carriers of hepatitis B virus infection from the time to read, perinatal infection and contact with live (and work, study and family) infection. The former is subject to mothers infected with the O-positive impact of O-positive pregnant mothers-to-child transmission rate of about 40-90%, of which three to five percent of the people belong to the womb infection, this part of carriers difficult to cure. Life come in contact with the carriers, through treatment, O-negative is highly likely.
Cirrhosis of the clinical manifestations
The performance of early cirrhosis »
1, pathological findings: liver normal size, quality Shaoying. Hyperplasia is the main characteristics of active fiber, the fiber bundle formed large and small, single-renewable nodules uneven, only a small number of false lobular form.
2, the functional performance: moderate liver dysfunction, such as: ALT, AST increased slightly, without jaundice, reduce serum protein mild to moderate, pro-blood of normal time, normal blood ammonia.
3, clinical symptoms: no symptoms, but also looking for performance.
Cirrhosis of the onset and course of the general than the slow, insidious three to five years or more than a decade ago, its clinical manifestations of liver function can be divided into compensatory and decompensated period, but two boundaries is not obvious or There are overlaps.
First, symptoms of decompensated liver function lighter, and often the lack of specificity, to fatigue fatigue, anorexia and indigestion oriented. May have nausea, disgust oil, abdominal Flatulence, abdominal discomfort, pain and diarrhea.
Second, liver function decompensated symptoms significantly.
(A) of liver dysfunction of the clinical manifestations:
1. Systemic symptoms and general nutritional status of poor, suffering from weight loss weakness, Jingshenbuzhen, severe, debilitating and bedridden. Rough skin dry, looking gloomy dark. Often anemia, Sheyan, Koujiao Yan, Ye Mang, such as swelling and multiple neuritis.
2. Gastrointestinal symptoms.
3. Hemorrhage and anemia.
4. Endocrine disorders.
(B) the levy portal hypertension clinical manifestations constitutes portal hypertension clinical manifestations of the three levy a splenomegaly, and the establishment of collateral circulation in the open, ascites, have important clinical significance. In particular, the establishment of collateral circulation and open the diagnosis characteristic value.
Cirrhosis of the clinical manifestations
Hepatitis patients with cirrhosis of a general systemic symptoms, there are many features of the performance of liver disease, different patients can be very different. Apart from a general clinical manifestations of chronic hepatitis, its main clinical features are abnormal liver function and portal hypertension. However, there are some occult patients with cirrhosis without any clinical manifestations, even in the laparotomy, or other examination of the autopsy found.
(A) General symptoms
Typical of the general situation and nutrition are poor, emaciated, Jingshenbuzhen, poor appetite, inability to self-induced fatigue, abdominal distention and most of the afternoon and evening of the case, may have left and right quarter of help discomfort or pain, the sense of falling, Some patients have irregular fever, consciously I & Poor's to Chen Qi for the heavy, high fat foods into easily lead to diarrhea.
(B) symptoms and signs
1. Skin changes in some patients with pigmented looking filthy, with a yellow. IVC in the drainage area that Spider Germany. Hands can be a liver palms, telangiectasia also more common, mainly in the dry skin of patients with cirrhosis of the face and the double-thigh skin. Some patients with abdominal vein exposed, can be re-shaped with varicose.
2. Cirrhosis of the liver and spleen in the early days, the liver can be enlarged, the late smaller, more hard and texture, and at the surface can be large or small uniform distribution of nodules. Liver size, hardness, the surface is smooth, and fatty infiltration of the liver and the number of liver regeneration, fibrous tissue proliferation and the extent of the contraction. Most patients with varying degrees of licensing great. Decompensated liver function are generally no obvious sign of ascites.
3. Liver dysfunction of the clinical manifestations
(1) Huang yields: patients with cirrhosis of the liver cells are more jaundice, should be considered once: ① that have active hepatitis diseases. ② intrahepatic cholestasis: cirrhosis when bile secretion and generate all aspects of the process may occur obstacles caused cholestasis. There are three main reasons: sodium-potassium ATP dysfunction; transit by inhibiting cell, liver cell membrane permeability changes. ③ serious liver failure: that disease often has to end-stage development, accompanied hepatic encephalopathy, very poor prognosis. ④ cirrhosis on the basis of malignant transformation has occurred: the rapid deepening jaundice should suspect a liver tumor caused by the door of the transfer of bile duct obstruction.
(2) hemorrhage and anemia: a serious decline affect liver function prothrombin and other coagulation factor Synthesis at the same time because of hypersplenism and giant bone marrow cells generate invalid. Lead to thrombocytopenia; platelet membrane phospholipids, sugar abnormal protein structure and function of the lower adhesion and aggregation, the disease often appear purple, nose bleeding, gingival and gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients have varying degrees of anemia, and more from lack of nutrition, lower intestinal absorption, hypersplenism and gastrointestinal bleeding, and other factors.
(3) gastrointestinal symptoms: appetite decreased significantly, the sense of abdominal discomfort after eating and guns bulging, heavy flu can be nausea, vomiting and even the fat and protein tolerance of difference. And because of ascites in patients with stomach flu Gas and abdominal distention, there may be late in the dark intestinal toxicity. With the above symptoms of a gastrointestinal congestion, swelling, inflammation caused by digestion and absorption dysfunction and bowel-related disorders group. Chronic cholecystitis also quite common, and its symptoms difficult to distinguish between symptoms of cirrhosis.
(4) and endocrine problems: ① hypoglycemia in patients with liver cirrhosis or high blood sugar can be. Serious hypoglycemia in patients with less, the reasons are: On the one hand, the reserve capacity of the liver very strong, as long as 20 percent of the liver can maintain normal blood sugar stable kidney on the other hand there are differences of Health's ability glycogen, when the liver function Subside, it may have to replace a considerable portion of glucose. Therefore, serious low blood sugar only to serious liver damage in patients with advanced cirrhosis. High blood sugar and abnormal glucose tolerance is found in some patients with cirrhosis. ② sexual dysfunction. As a male hypothalamic pituitary a gonad dysfunction, the performance of sexual dysfunction and feminization. Such as impotence, men breast development, the serum of patients with single-and lower-free Army, the military and one abnormal ratio of estrogen. Female patients will have the leisure, without ovulation and menstrual cycle to reduce the incidence increased. Infertility common levy and decreased sexual desire. ③ renin-angiotensin an unusual one aldosterone system.
(5) of water, electrolyte disturbance
(6) gallbladder disease: there are more patients with cirrhosis of gallbladder disease, gallbladder wall thickening Changbiaoxianwei, cholestasis, gallbladder, and other volume changes.
(7) bone and joint changes: some patients with cirrhosis-may appear to refer to (toe), mast occasionally bone and joint disease.
4. Portal hypertension clinical manifestations of the levy
(1) varices ① about 40% - 70% of patients with cirrhosis have esophageal varices. As patients with cirrhosis often reflux esophagitis can erode the bottom of esophageal mucosa, or hard food caused by mechanical factors such as trauma caused bleeding varicose veins. Because of a cough, nausea, vomiting and other reasons that have increased the portal pressure suddenly increased, more than the meagre varicose vein wall and the affordability of bleeding. ② abdominal wall and Qizhou varicose veins. ③ Zhihe form. Waizhi can form hemorrhoids or mixed hemorrhoids, can be broken when the bleeding.
(2) congestive splenomegaly and spleen Gong hyperthyroidism: enlargement of the spleen, often reduce blood cells, known as hypersplenism.
(3) ascites: the formation of ascites in patients with cirrhosis many factors common to the result. Some patients can still pleural effusion in the left chest多见.
(4) of the door cycle encephalopathy: the extent to the minor EEG changes, personality changes, the orientation of the obstacles to a different degree of coma.
1, pathological findings: liver normal size, quality Shaoying. Hyperplasia is the main characteristics of active fiber, the fiber bundle formed large and small, single-renewable nodules uneven, only a small number of false lobular form.
2, the functional performance: moderate liver dysfunction, such as: ALT, AST increased slightly, without jaundice, reduce serum protein mild to moderate, pro-blood of normal time, normal blood ammonia.
3, clinical symptoms: no symptoms, but also looking for performance.
Cirrhosis of the onset and course of the general than the slow, insidious three to five years or more than a decade ago, its clinical manifestations of liver function can be divided into compensatory and decompensated period, but two boundaries is not obvious or There are overlaps.
First, symptoms of decompensated liver function lighter, and often the lack of specificity, to fatigue fatigue, anorexia and indigestion oriented. May have nausea, disgust oil, abdominal Flatulence, abdominal discomfort, pain and diarrhea.
Second, liver function decompensated symptoms significantly.
(A) of liver dysfunction of the clinical manifestations:
1. Systemic symptoms and general nutritional status of poor, suffering from weight loss weakness, Jingshenbuzhen, severe, debilitating and bedridden. Rough skin dry, looking gloomy dark. Often anemia, Sheyan, Koujiao Yan, Ye Mang, such as swelling and multiple neuritis.
2. Gastrointestinal symptoms.
3. Hemorrhage and anemia.
4. Endocrine disorders.
(B) the levy portal hypertension clinical manifestations constitutes portal hypertension clinical manifestations of the three levy a splenomegaly, and the establishment of collateral circulation in the open, ascites, have important clinical significance. In particular, the establishment of collateral circulation and open the diagnosis characteristic value.
Cirrhosis of the clinical manifestations
Hepatitis patients with cirrhosis of a general systemic symptoms, there are many features of the performance of liver disease, different patients can be very different. Apart from a general clinical manifestations of chronic hepatitis, its main clinical features are abnormal liver function and portal hypertension. However, there are some occult patients with cirrhosis without any clinical manifestations, even in the laparotomy, or other examination of the autopsy found.
(A) General symptoms
Typical of the general situation and nutrition are poor, emaciated, Jingshenbuzhen, poor appetite, inability to self-induced fatigue, abdominal distention and most of the afternoon and evening of the case, may have left and right quarter of help discomfort or pain, the sense of falling, Some patients have irregular fever, consciously I & Poor's to Chen Qi for the heavy, high fat foods into easily lead to diarrhea.
(B) symptoms and signs
1. Skin changes in some patients with pigmented looking filthy, with a yellow. IVC in the drainage area that Spider Germany. Hands can be a liver palms, telangiectasia also more common, mainly in the dry skin of patients with cirrhosis of the face and the double-thigh skin. Some patients with abdominal vein exposed, can be re-shaped with varicose.
2. Cirrhosis of the liver and spleen in the early days, the liver can be enlarged, the late smaller, more hard and texture, and at the surface can be large or small uniform distribution of nodules. Liver size, hardness, the surface is smooth, and fatty infiltration of the liver and the number of liver regeneration, fibrous tissue proliferation and the extent of the contraction. Most patients with varying degrees of licensing great. Decompensated liver function are generally no obvious sign of ascites.
3. Liver dysfunction of the clinical manifestations
(1) Huang yields: patients with cirrhosis of the liver cells are more jaundice, should be considered once: ① that have active hepatitis diseases. ② intrahepatic cholestasis: cirrhosis when bile secretion and generate all aspects of the process may occur obstacles caused cholestasis. There are three main reasons: sodium-potassium ATP dysfunction; transit by inhibiting cell, liver cell membrane permeability changes. ③ serious liver failure: that disease often has to end-stage development, accompanied hepatic encephalopathy, very poor prognosis. ④ cirrhosis on the basis of malignant transformation has occurred: the rapid deepening jaundice should suspect a liver tumor caused by the door of the transfer of bile duct obstruction.
(2) hemorrhage and anemia: a serious decline affect liver function prothrombin and other coagulation factor Synthesis at the same time because of hypersplenism and giant bone marrow cells generate invalid. Lead to thrombocytopenia; platelet membrane phospholipids, sugar abnormal protein structure and function of the lower adhesion and aggregation, the disease often appear purple, nose bleeding, gingival and gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients have varying degrees of anemia, and more from lack of nutrition, lower intestinal absorption, hypersplenism and gastrointestinal bleeding, and other factors.
(3) gastrointestinal symptoms: appetite decreased significantly, the sense of abdominal discomfort after eating and guns bulging, heavy flu can be nausea, vomiting and even the fat and protein tolerance of difference. And because of ascites in patients with stomach flu Gas and abdominal distention, there may be late in the dark intestinal toxicity. With the above symptoms of a gastrointestinal congestion, swelling, inflammation caused by digestion and absorption dysfunction and bowel-related disorders group. Chronic cholecystitis also quite common, and its symptoms difficult to distinguish between symptoms of cirrhosis.
(4) and endocrine problems: ① hypoglycemia in patients with liver cirrhosis or high blood sugar can be. Serious hypoglycemia in patients with less, the reasons are: On the one hand, the reserve capacity of the liver very strong, as long as 20 percent of the liver can maintain normal blood sugar stable kidney on the other hand there are differences of Health's ability glycogen, when the liver function Subside, it may have to replace a considerable portion of glucose. Therefore, serious low blood sugar only to serious liver damage in patients with advanced cirrhosis. High blood sugar and abnormal glucose tolerance is found in some patients with cirrhosis. ② sexual dysfunction. As a male hypothalamic pituitary a gonad dysfunction, the performance of sexual dysfunction and feminization. Such as impotence, men breast development, the serum of patients with single-and lower-free Army, the military and one abnormal ratio of estrogen. Female patients will have the leisure, without ovulation and menstrual cycle to reduce the incidence increased. Infertility common levy and decreased sexual desire. ③ renin-angiotensin an unusual one aldosterone system.
(5) of water, electrolyte disturbance
(6) gallbladder disease: there are more patients with cirrhosis of gallbladder disease, gallbladder wall thickening Changbiaoxianwei, cholestasis, gallbladder, and other volume changes.
(7) bone and joint changes: some patients with cirrhosis-may appear to refer to (toe), mast occasionally bone and joint disease.
4. Portal hypertension clinical manifestations of the levy
(1) varices ① about 40% - 70% of patients with cirrhosis have esophageal varices. As patients with cirrhosis often reflux esophagitis can erode the bottom of esophageal mucosa, or hard food caused by mechanical factors such as trauma caused bleeding varicose veins. Because of a cough, nausea, vomiting and other reasons that have increased the portal pressure suddenly increased, more than the meagre varicose vein wall and the affordability of bleeding. ② abdominal wall and Qizhou varicose veins. ③ Zhihe form. Waizhi can form hemorrhoids or mixed hemorrhoids, can be broken when the bleeding.
(2) congestive splenomegaly and spleen Gong hyperthyroidism: enlargement of the spleen, often reduce blood cells, known as hypersplenism.
(3) ascites: the formation of ascites in patients with cirrhosis many factors common to the result. Some patients can still pleural effusion in the left chest多见.
(4) of the door cycle encephalopathy: the extent to the minor EEG changes, personality changes, the orientation of the obstacles to a different degree of coma.
The transfer of primary liver cancer
207 cases in the autopsy were 137 cases of transfer of 66.2%
1 liver metastasis liver metastasis in the first blood also can be the most common violations of the portal vein tumor thrombus and a bolt of falling in the liver can cause the transfer of multiple lesions portal vein tumor thrombus obstruction can cause portal hypertension and refractory ascites
2 liver metastasis in 50 percent of autopsy cases
⑴ blood transfer: the highest rates of lung metastases in 207 cases accounted for 43.5 percent of liver vein tumor thrombus occurred after after extended upward to the inferior vena cava or even the right heart chamber or a smaller tumor thrombus from falling into the pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery embolization form Metastasis blood transfer may also affect bone adrenal kidney brain and other organs
⑵ lymphatic metastasis: partial transfer to the hilar lymph nodes most common (12.6 percent) can also be transferred to the para-aortic supraclavicular lymph nodes pancreatic spleen, etc.
⑶ cultivation: occasionally occurred in the peritoneum can be planted as a result of spontaneous correctness of ascites women can still have ovarian cancer metastasis
1 liver metastasis liver metastasis in the first blood also can be the most common violations of the portal vein tumor thrombus and a bolt of falling in the liver can cause the transfer of multiple lesions portal vein tumor thrombus obstruction can cause portal hypertension and refractory ascites
2 liver metastasis in 50 percent of autopsy cases
⑴ blood transfer: the highest rates of lung metastases in 207 cases accounted for 43.5 percent of liver vein tumor thrombus occurred after after extended upward to the inferior vena cava or even the right heart chamber or a smaller tumor thrombus from falling into the pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery embolization form Metastasis blood transfer may also affect bone adrenal kidney brain and other organs
⑵ lymphatic metastasis: partial transfer to the hilar lymph nodes most common (12.6 percent) can also be transferred to the para-aortic supraclavicular lymph nodes pancreatic spleen, etc.
⑶ cultivation: occasionally occurred in the peritoneum can be planted as a result of spontaneous correctness of ascites women can still have ovarian cancer metastasis
Study found that clinical trials of cancer drugs shortcomings
Cancer research and drug development will be a better therapy, according to one from Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center researchers published the report pointed out that these test cancer drugs in clinical trials there is a lot of shortcomings.
The published in the February 1 Clinical Cancer Research study, explains why many experimental drugs without the adoption of the final large and expensive clinical testing.
The researchers found that, in their review of the June 2003 to June 2005, a total of 70 Phase II study, only nine on a clear definition of the patients used to assess the benefits of standards. These studies generally contain 30 to 50 patients, the goal is to assess whether to continue the large-scale Phase III clinical trial, which is to decide whether the drug can be used for patients with cancer of the final test.
The researchers pointed out that this is in the clinical trial testing led to the problem, because even when the drug has changed, researchers are still using the same old methods to measure the effectiveness of these drugs. So the researchers suggested that when the pharmaceutical companies or laboratories for new material for clinical trials, we must set up a new assessment criteria, can more effectively assess the efficacy and safety of drugs.
The published in the February 1 Clinical Cancer Research study, explains why many experimental drugs without the adoption of the final large and expensive clinical testing.
The researchers found that, in their review of the June 2003 to June 2005, a total of 70 Phase II study, only nine on a clear definition of the patients used to assess the benefits of standards. These studies generally contain 30 to 50 patients, the goal is to assess whether to continue the large-scale Phase III clinical trial, which is to decide whether the drug can be used for patients with cancer of the final test.
The researchers pointed out that this is in the clinical trial testing led to the problem, because even when the drug has changed, researchers are still using the same old methods to measure the effectiveness of these drugs. So the researchers suggested that when the pharmaceutical companies or laboratories for new material for clinical trials, we must set up a new assessment criteria, can more effectively assess the efficacy and safety of drugs.
About Liver Cancer
Liver cancer in China is a high incidence of cancer, information, liver cancer deaths in the ranks third, the so-called "cancer of the King." China's annual 135,000 new liver cancer patients who died of liver cancer about 11 million people of the world's liver cancer deaths in the 45 per cent.
When found, is the most advanced
Liver detoxification function of a strong, only be unable to bear the damage before symptoms show. Study found that from liver cancer to clinical symptoms appear, about six months to one year, during which patients often have no symptoms. When there is loss of appetite, weight loss, ascites, abdominal distention, liver pain, and other typical symptoms of advanced liver cancer to have.
Liver cancer-prone transfer
And various other tumors, liver cancer is known as "cancer", because it is like running everywhere, both inside and outside the liver that is prone to distant organs or even the transfer. Data show that liver cancer or even three centimeters in size, on a possible transfer.
Treatment
In the more developed the medicine today, many tumors can be effective treatment, but liver cancer is still a brutal demon. The best way is the treatment of tumors in the first time found it, treatment will have good results.
Survived a short time
If liver cancer found later, without good right treatment, found that tumor from the patient died, the majority of only 3-6 months. But after the formal treatment of patients significantly prolong its survival.
Hepatitis and cirrhosis are the main incentives
The main reason for liver cancer or cirrhosis and hepatitis, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection is the main reason for liver cancer. So have a history of hepatitis and cirrhosis patients to hospitals in the formal line of professional inspection and monitoring, can be found in the first tumor, coupled with timely treatment, can get good results.
When found, is the most advanced
Liver detoxification function of a strong, only be unable to bear the damage before symptoms show. Study found that from liver cancer to clinical symptoms appear, about six months to one year, during which patients often have no symptoms. When there is loss of appetite, weight loss, ascites, abdominal distention, liver pain, and other typical symptoms of advanced liver cancer to have.
Liver cancer-prone transfer
And various other tumors, liver cancer is known as "cancer", because it is like running everywhere, both inside and outside the liver that is prone to distant organs or even the transfer. Data show that liver cancer or even three centimeters in size, on a possible transfer.
Treatment
In the more developed the medicine today, many tumors can be effective treatment, but liver cancer is still a brutal demon. The best way is the treatment of tumors in the first time found it, treatment will have good results.
Survived a short time
If liver cancer found later, without good right treatment, found that tumor from the patient died, the majority of only 3-6 months. But after the formal treatment of patients significantly prolong its survival.
Hepatitis and cirrhosis are the main incentives
The main reason for liver cancer or cirrhosis and hepatitis, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection is the main reason for liver cancer. So have a history of hepatitis and cirrhosis patients to hospitals in the formal line of professional inspection and monitoring, can be found in the first tumor, coupled with timely treatment, can get good results.
Hepatitis B surface detective to the incidence of liver cancer
Taiwan's latest study found that the blood of HBV patients in the liver or if there is pre-S (hepatitis B surface protein) mutant, about 56 percent of people 10 years Festival turned into liver cancer.
The researchers said, pre-S mutant strain of the hepatitis B patient will convey a special message of, liver cell injury, and slowly develop into cancer cells. Therefore, in theory, chronic hepatitis B patients can receive blood tests or check liver cells, the body detects whether there is a pre-S mutant antibody, the biotechnology pharmaceutical industry, manufacturers can also on this basis, the development of drugs blocking pre-S Mutant, inhibit the formation of liver cancer.
The study results have been published in a number of international journals. Taiwan authorities are now conducting large-scale studies to further confirm the findings.
The researchers said, pre-S mutant strain of the hepatitis B patient will convey a special message of, liver cell injury, and slowly develop into cancer cells. Therefore, in theory, chronic hepatitis B patients can receive blood tests or check liver cells, the body detects whether there is a pre-S mutant antibody, the biotechnology pharmaceutical industry, manufacturers can also on this basis, the development of drugs blocking pre-S Mutant, inhibit the formation of liver cancer.
The study results have been published in a number of international journals. Taiwan authorities are now conducting large-scale studies to further confirm the findings.
Liver cancer risk factors
Formed due to a liver cancer
1, liver cancer occurs in southern Africa and the Asia Pacific Rim, China has a high incidence area. Liver cancer regardless of age, but 40 people over the age of majority, while men than women high.
2, a family of hereditary liver cancer. Liver cancer and other cancers have the same genetic family, so if a person's parents, brothers and sisters in some people suffering from liver cancer, liver cancer risk of its occurrence is also higher than other people, can be as high as 56.9 percent. It was unclear why liver cancer will be genetic, and may be living chromosome mutation or acquired the environment.
3, liver cancer and aflatoxin-related long-term use, in animal experiments, the mice can produce Aflatoxin liver cancer. Aflatoxin mainly exists in the mould of rice, peanuts, corn and other types or their carcasses processed products.
4, alcoholic liver disease also have liver cancer, in particular, have hepatitis B virus in patients with long-term Duoliang drink, more cause liver cancer.
5, derived from cirrhosis easier for liver cancer, 50 to 90 percent of liver cancer patients with cirrhosis at the same time.
6, liver cancer formation and long-term infection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus has a lot, liver cancer patients, one third of the people have a history of chronic hepatitis. At the same time it easier for chronic hepatitis caused liver cirrhosis, which makes hepatitis patients prone to liver cancer.
1, liver cancer occurs in southern Africa and the Asia Pacific Rim, China has a high incidence area. Liver cancer regardless of age, but 40 people over the age of majority, while men than women high.
2, a family of hereditary liver cancer. Liver cancer and other cancers have the same genetic family, so if a person's parents, brothers and sisters in some people suffering from liver cancer, liver cancer risk of its occurrence is also higher than other people, can be as high as 56.9 percent. It was unclear why liver cancer will be genetic, and may be living chromosome mutation or acquired the environment.
3, liver cancer and aflatoxin-related long-term use, in animal experiments, the mice can produce Aflatoxin liver cancer. Aflatoxin mainly exists in the mould of rice, peanuts, corn and other types or their carcasses processed products.
4, alcoholic liver disease also have liver cancer, in particular, have hepatitis B virus in patients with long-term Duoliang drink, more cause liver cancer.
5, derived from cirrhosis easier for liver cancer, 50 to 90 percent of liver cancer patients with cirrhosis at the same time.
6, liver cancer formation and long-term infection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus has a lot, liver cancer patients, one third of the people have a history of chronic hepatitis. At the same time it easier for chronic hepatitis caused liver cirrhosis, which makes hepatitis patients prone to liver cancer.
Iran's shadow over international oil prices
As the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) second-largest member, as the current round of rising oil prices factor in the course of the war premium of the protagonist »» Iran's every move will no doubt affect the world oil price sensitive nerve.
Confrontation with Iraq pushed up oil prices
July 9, 10, sustained the Iranian Revolutionary Guards fired several long range missile, the Iranian side in response to the frequent military moves, Israel on July 10 showed its latest spy plane. The same day, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak warned that if Israel's vital interests are threatened, Israel will "not hesitate" to resort to military action. Iraq to the "live ammunition" confrontation and suddenly this has aggravated the crisis of the tension in the Gulf region, and the power far beyond the previously unlimited expansion of the speculators are the various war fears, oil prices Pushed up all the way. 10, the New York Mercantile Exchange crude oil futures rose nearly 5.60 to 141.65 U.S. dollars a barrel, setting the New York Mercantile Exchange crude oil futures on the history of the second largest single-day gain. London Brent crude oil futures prices also rose 3.99 percent, to 142.03 U.S. dollars a barrel. Analysts believe that if the United States and Iran, relations with Iraq once the irreversibility of the tense situation, oil prices very likely up to a high of 200 U.S. dollars per barrel. However, only a few days ago, the outside world had been interpreted as a series of moderate Iran's words and deeds to show soft crazy at the time soared to 145 U.S. dollars per barrel at the top of the price of oil came, July 2, Iran's supreme spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Velayati said that foreign policy adviser, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei decided personally with world powers on behalf of negotiations to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue; July 3, the Iranian side expressed its readiness to consider allowing the United States established diplomatic institutions in Tehran, the two countries and called for the resumption of direct flights; July 7, Iran to the EU foreign and security policy chief Javier Solana submitted on the Iranian nuclear issue to resume talks reply letter…… in the Iranian position after this series, went down in international oil prices, reduced 9.25 U.S. dollars, a The past four months the biggest one-day decline of 6.4 percent. At present, the reaction of the market clearly reflects a short-term future of oil prices: oil prices rose to Iran, Iran is also down. Iran factor in this week really started from the minds of speculators went to the front.
Deterrence and cooperation between the two cards are playing
Between the United States and Iraq, "Jiao E" has continued for nearly 30 years, but also from the real war seems to have a certain distance.
From the United States in terms of soaring oil prices make the U.S. economy has been suffering, the war brought the oil market turmoil, the United States also can not afford. At the same time, bogged down in the quagmire of Iraq the battlefield for the Bush administration has been accused of rashly if the use of force against Iran, while operating in the same area two wars, now the United States, also seems to be an "impossible task." In the remaining presidential term of office less than 200 days of time, although the Bush hopes to give the Iran issue a final statement, but out of the election, considerations of public opinion, the U.S. government or will not take the initiative to accelerate the deterioration of relations between the two countries. At present most want the election victory of Obama to contain oil prices continue to rise in the Declaration and the campaign has consistently advocated maintaining a dialogue with Iran's attitude, but also to the world that still exists between the United States and Iran the possibility of peace talks.
And from the Iranian point of view, although with 4.2 million barrels of oil output, oil transport to Sai Huoer wood Abroad Gap and the Bush administration from the hands of the value of imports of 148,000 U.S. dollars of weapons and equipment, etc., as bargaining chips, but the current domestic Iran to the United States Attitude is still a lot of differences. To Iran's supreme spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei headed by the "chief negotiator" stand not to risk sending in favour of a diplomatic solution to the Iranian nuclear issue, but it does not rule out the United States, Israel's military strikes against Iran, the possibility that Iran also need this To prevent. And to the Iranian President Ahmadinejad as the representative of "hardliners" that the military attack on Iran the possibility does not exist, so Iran should adhere to their attitude and refused any concessions. In view of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Iran's prestige and no one can, that it is still possible to become a problem in Iraq direction of future negotiations. At this very moment Iran itself can be placed into a retreat can observe the attack position, without renouncing the use of force to resolve the premise, and also has not closed the door to the six-party nuclear talks.
Analysts believe that the development of Iran's "deterrent diplomacy" will indeed be the world price of oil rose to provide a real factor, but the problem is not between the United States and Iraq can not be resolved, the war of the two countries equally devastating The two countries, the domestic "owners" forces still prevail. So Iran can play the role of factors ultimately may not like speculators are wants, the world oil market so the possibility of catastrophic crisis is still not high.
Confrontation with Iraq pushed up oil prices
July 9, 10, sustained the Iranian Revolutionary Guards fired several long range missile, the Iranian side in response to the frequent military moves, Israel on July 10 showed its latest spy plane. The same day, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak warned that if Israel's vital interests are threatened, Israel will "not hesitate" to resort to military action. Iraq to the "live ammunition" confrontation and suddenly this has aggravated the crisis of the tension in the Gulf region, and the power far beyond the previously unlimited expansion of the speculators are the various war fears, oil prices Pushed up all the way. 10, the New York Mercantile Exchange crude oil futures rose nearly 5.60 to 141.65 U.S. dollars a barrel, setting the New York Mercantile Exchange crude oil futures on the history of the second largest single-day gain. London Brent crude oil futures prices also rose 3.99 percent, to 142.03 U.S. dollars a barrel. Analysts believe that if the United States and Iran, relations with Iraq once the irreversibility of the tense situation, oil prices very likely up to a high of 200 U.S. dollars per barrel. However, only a few days ago, the outside world had been interpreted as a series of moderate Iran's words and deeds to show soft crazy at the time soared to 145 U.S. dollars per barrel at the top of the price of oil came, July 2, Iran's supreme spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Velayati said that foreign policy adviser, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei decided personally with world powers on behalf of negotiations to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue; July 3, the Iranian side expressed its readiness to consider allowing the United States established diplomatic institutions in Tehran, the two countries and called for the resumption of direct flights; July 7, Iran to the EU foreign and security policy chief Javier Solana submitted on the Iranian nuclear issue to resume talks reply letter…… in the Iranian position after this series, went down in international oil prices, reduced 9.25 U.S. dollars, a The past four months the biggest one-day decline of 6.4 percent. At present, the reaction of the market clearly reflects a short-term future of oil prices: oil prices rose to Iran, Iran is also down. Iran factor in this week really started from the minds of speculators went to the front.
Deterrence and cooperation between the two cards are playing
Between the United States and Iraq, "Jiao E" has continued for nearly 30 years, but also from the real war seems to have a certain distance.
From the United States in terms of soaring oil prices make the U.S. economy has been suffering, the war brought the oil market turmoil, the United States also can not afford. At the same time, bogged down in the quagmire of Iraq the battlefield for the Bush administration has been accused of rashly if the use of force against Iran, while operating in the same area two wars, now the United States, also seems to be an "impossible task." In the remaining presidential term of office less than 200 days of time, although the Bush hopes to give the Iran issue a final statement, but out of the election, considerations of public opinion, the U.S. government or will not take the initiative to accelerate the deterioration of relations between the two countries. At present most want the election victory of Obama to contain oil prices continue to rise in the Declaration and the campaign has consistently advocated maintaining a dialogue with Iran's attitude, but also to the world that still exists between the United States and Iran the possibility of peace talks.
And from the Iranian point of view, although with 4.2 million barrels of oil output, oil transport to Sai Huoer wood Abroad Gap and the Bush administration from the hands of the value of imports of 148,000 U.S. dollars of weapons and equipment, etc., as bargaining chips, but the current domestic Iran to the United States Attitude is still a lot of differences. To Iran's supreme spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei headed by the "chief negotiator" stand not to risk sending in favour of a diplomatic solution to the Iranian nuclear issue, but it does not rule out the United States, Israel's military strikes against Iran, the possibility that Iran also need this To prevent. And to the Iranian President Ahmadinejad as the representative of "hardliners" that the military attack on Iran the possibility does not exist, so Iran should adhere to their attitude and refused any concessions. In view of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Iran's prestige and no one can, that it is still possible to become a problem in Iraq direction of future negotiations. At this very moment Iran itself can be placed into a retreat can observe the attack position, without renouncing the use of force to resolve the premise, and also has not closed the door to the six-party nuclear talks.
Analysts believe that the development of Iran's "deterrent diplomacy" will indeed be the world price of oil rose to provide a real factor, but the problem is not between the United States and Iraq can not be resolved, the war of the two countries equally devastating The two countries, the domestic "owners" forces still prevail. So Iran can play the role of factors ultimately may not like speculators are wants, the world oil market so the possibility of catastrophic crisis is still not high.
Members of the oil spot transactions declassified "discount to 10 U.S. dollars / ton" provisions
Members of the oil spot transactions declassified "discount to 10 U.S. dollars / ton," the terms "unless there are speculators these goods are bought, stored up."
To continue the hearing "speculative Pushing Hands"
July 10 and 11, the U.S. Senate held hearings on two consecutive days, the oil price is due to launch a new round of speculation caused debate and investigation.
On the 10th meeting of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Chairman Walter »Luken (Walter Lukken), after investigation, found no conspiracy to promote the trading price of crude oil to the signs," did not find any person hoarding oil Evidence. "
However, the chair of the Democratic Party's Rosa »De Laoluo (Rosa DeLauro) very dissatisfied with this, she accused the CFTC did not make its own efforts to curb speculation on the market and protect the interests of consumers.
U.S. Congress perseverance that oil and other commodity prices rising by speculative factors, before a number of bills have been passed to CFTC investigation and put an end to speculation and curb oil prices, the CFTC more authority at the appropriate time available "emergency Mechanism ", including to improve the trade margin, and other tough measures.
The world-famous energy advisory body Purvin & Gertz, senior vice president John »Wateleien (John Vautrain) an interview with this reporter that this is the U.S. Congress because of their political needs of the voters to make a reaction, The current energy situation no benefits.
He explained that in oil and other commodity futures markets, speculators are the buyer is the seller, the oil price rise, the buyer money from the seller loss of money. Does not add real value of the commodity futures market, the return of the money is only right and the left pocket of the pockets of the problem. Therefore, the higher the price increase is attributed to speculative trading unreasonable.
Another energy analyst »» Platts (Platts), senior editor David »Ensiboge (David Ernsberger) also said it is" political needs. " He believes that oil prices starting from 2003 up to now have five years, the speculative factors to such a huge commodity market rally five years is impossible.
From the Mainland of China Merchants Securities energy analyst Qiu Xiao-feng also opined: international commodity futures markets is different from the domestic A-share market, can do more can go short, as long as done in the right direction can be profitable if the price rose briefly Attributed to speculative factors, there is no basis; mainly to long-term contract transactions, the same commodities are iron ore as an example, the statistics show that in 2003 the gains so far achieved 475 percent, even more than the crude oil futures; look at this , The speculation is obviously not explain the rise in commodity prices for the best.
Qiu Xiao-feng, speculation on commodity prices do not affect the long-term trend, but a short time to enlarge the role of price fluctuations. Rising oil prices caused by the three main factors: the supply did not follow the rising oil prices and increased demand for not following the rise in oil prices decreased over the past few years and the depreciation of the dollar and increase the liquidity of the currency.
Wateleien the views and Qiu Xiao-feng roughly the same. He analyzed the international supply of crude oil production capacity from the late 1990s onwards there will be no significant increase, while demand has remained steady growth, is caused by rising oil prices the main reason. He believes that the current oil price is a good price (Good Price), because it prompted people to reduce energy consumption and waste. He recently to the United States to change consumer behaviour for example, that Americans switch to lower fuel consumption of small cars and reduce the number of kilometres by car, energy conservation is a good change.
Wateleien the U.S. Congress to crack down on speculation against the practice, he believes that once the implementation of the measures to decrease oil prices in the short run, will only make the Americans will now begin to pick up fuel-efficient waste of consumption concept, and then to And the relationship between supply and demand imbalance in oil prices to rise.
For the past few days, oil prices fell, the three analysts views fairly consistent.
Ensiboge and Wateleien, that this is a market of "extreme reaction" because up until the time is too long, too big margin after a pullback and trading information for some negative reaction too large . Ensiboge that more than nine U.S. dollars within three days of the decline in the amount on it more, but in proportion (6 percent) is not high.
Qiu Xiao-Feng believes that the decline in the past few days shows that the speculative factors on short-term fluctuations of the amplification.
For long-term judgement, the views of three analysts have basically the same: as long as the basic factors of supply and demand levels without a fundamental change in long-term bullish on oil prices.
Dealers declassified "Shengtie Shui"
A familiar spot transaction of oil traders through the spot market trading mechanism which explained to reporters the situation. He said that the oil spot market and futures market trading association also exists between both distinction. In futures trading on the market for paper-based transactions are the ultimate in-kind settlement ratio is very low. And barter trade with current and long-term, single-spot transactions and contract period, and other types of transactions, the way will Mercantile Exchange reference to the futures or spot price, the transaction price as the decision to base.
According to the traders, the international oil (including crude oil and other petroleum products) many types of trade, commerce and trade contracts in most of the price or prices are way with the International Mercantile Exchange, close to the price. In contract negotiations, the two sides will be based on delivery time, market conditions, and cooperative relations, prospects for cooperation, number of transactions, such as a number of factors, the price of premium or discount to the amount or ratio to reach an agreement.
Members of the transaction to our reporter in a display of model contracts, the price terms: "to Singapore Platts × × product (MOPS) × × years, before and after the 5th × offshore (FOB) price of the benchmark, Discount to 10 U.S. dollars / ton. "The dealer explained that the delivery of the goods for the day (that is, in terms of" × × years on × Day ") may be the price volatility risk considerations, would normally take some time before and after delivery The average price of the price or the method of valuation as a benchmark.
As for the "discount 10 U.S. dollars / ton," the terms for the two sides taking into account the local market at the time of the supply-demand relationship and cooperation between the two sides to a certain concessions. However, if a supply of tension or other circumstances not conducive to the buyer, the clause may become a "premium" that is, price increase on a certain amount. Premium / discount that the methods used in addition to a fixed amount, for example, will use a fixed percentage (that is, a certain percentage) of the way. Its value can change greatly, depending on their background, cooperative relations and bargaining power. The traders, large institutions, such as refineries or the Government and other organizations often than ordinary commercial organizations to get more concessions.
In addition to the market price of pegging the way, there are locked price of a certain period of time. If an enterprise of a period of price comparison with the cost or the need to lock, which can be used to a limited period of time to buy fixed-price approach or lock price range.
2003, Guangdong and Australia signed the Treaty of LNG supply, the purchase of LNG with the 15-25 dollar price of international crude oil prices linked to the interval. In other words, the Australian side of the Guangdong liquefied natural gas sold to the highest prices in international oil prices not exceeding 25 U.S. dollars at the corresponding LNG price, duration of contract for 25 years.
In addition, since all petroleum products and the quality of different indicators, the change in Shengtie Shui will be different.
According to Chinese Customs Department statistics show that from January to May this year, China imported crude oil average price of 689.9 U.S. dollars / ton, equivalent to 7.33 barrels per ton, during which China's imports of crude oil average price of 94.13 U.S. dollars a barrel. Over the same period, light sweet crude in the international price of spot transactions in between 88 to 132 U.S. dollars, most of the time is higher than the 94.13 U.S. dollars level.
Members of the deal this view is, as the international crude oil prices on generic models, such as Brent and the New York Mercantile Exchange, light sweet crude West Texas, are light and low sulphur crude oil for the composition of the subject matter And in fact more in the proportion of oil and sulphur content than in the two species to be high, mostly in the implementation of price discount to the way transactions. China's imports of crude oil, may be part of a relatively higher quality and higher sulfur species, the transaction price will be correspondingly lower. At the same time, China's crude oil imports are mostly from the background of relatively strong strength of enterprises and institutions and thus should be given more than ordinary business of discount concessions.
For a reporter's question, the more solid strength of the United States get higher discount and signed a long-term concessionary contract price range of issues identified, the trader's reply was: "In theory this should be."
U.S. Energy Information Administration's report by the public, July 4, 2008, the United States the average transaction price of crude oil to 133.60 U.S. dollars a barrel, than the global average of 137.11 U.S. dollars a low 3.51 U.S. dollars.
The crude oil market financial products transaction price is due to the current problems caused by speculation, the dealers of the view that the current futures market speculation on the exact proportion of very high, but the ability to price substantially deviated from the spot price of the deal, he expressed doubts. He believes that if buyers and sellers in the cash transaction do not agree with the price of goods can not be sold, the seller will be able to run on commodities trading in the market prices of re-sale of balance, "unless there are speculators can these goods are bought , Storing up ", although the actual operation, the main business of spot transactions do not tend to the seller of goods to intervene in the market.
However, he also disclosed that according to his understanding of the situation, the recent crude oil spot transactions, the prices before the discount rate is higher than some.
To continue the hearing "speculative Pushing Hands"
July 10 and 11, the U.S. Senate held hearings on two consecutive days, the oil price is due to launch a new round of speculation caused debate and investigation.
On the 10th meeting of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Chairman Walter »Luken (Walter Lukken), after investigation, found no conspiracy to promote the trading price of crude oil to the signs," did not find any person hoarding oil Evidence. "
However, the chair of the Democratic Party's Rosa »De Laoluo (Rosa DeLauro) very dissatisfied with this, she accused the CFTC did not make its own efforts to curb speculation on the market and protect the interests of consumers.
U.S. Congress perseverance that oil and other commodity prices rising by speculative factors, before a number of bills have been passed to CFTC investigation and put an end to speculation and curb oil prices, the CFTC more authority at the appropriate time available "emergency Mechanism ", including to improve the trade margin, and other tough measures.
The world-famous energy advisory body Purvin & Gertz, senior vice president John »Wateleien (John Vautrain) an interview with this reporter that this is the U.S. Congress because of their political needs of the voters to make a reaction, The current energy situation no benefits.
He explained that in oil and other commodity futures markets, speculators are the buyer is the seller, the oil price rise, the buyer money from the seller loss of money. Does not add real value of the commodity futures market, the return of the money is only right and the left pocket of the pockets of the problem. Therefore, the higher the price increase is attributed to speculative trading unreasonable.
Another energy analyst »» Platts (Platts), senior editor David »Ensiboge (David Ernsberger) also said it is" political needs. " He believes that oil prices starting from 2003 up to now have five years, the speculative factors to such a huge commodity market rally five years is impossible.
From the Mainland of China Merchants Securities energy analyst Qiu Xiao-feng also opined: international commodity futures markets is different from the domestic A-share market, can do more can go short, as long as done in the right direction can be profitable if the price rose briefly Attributed to speculative factors, there is no basis; mainly to long-term contract transactions, the same commodities are iron ore as an example, the statistics show that in 2003 the gains so far achieved 475 percent, even more than the crude oil futures; look at this , The speculation is obviously not explain the rise in commodity prices for the best.
Qiu Xiao-feng, speculation on commodity prices do not affect the long-term trend, but a short time to enlarge the role of price fluctuations. Rising oil prices caused by the three main factors: the supply did not follow the rising oil prices and increased demand for not following the rise in oil prices decreased over the past few years and the depreciation of the dollar and increase the liquidity of the currency.
Wateleien the views and Qiu Xiao-feng roughly the same. He analyzed the international supply of crude oil production capacity from the late 1990s onwards there will be no significant increase, while demand has remained steady growth, is caused by rising oil prices the main reason. He believes that the current oil price is a good price (Good Price), because it prompted people to reduce energy consumption and waste. He recently to the United States to change consumer behaviour for example, that Americans switch to lower fuel consumption of small cars and reduce the number of kilometres by car, energy conservation is a good change.
Wateleien the U.S. Congress to crack down on speculation against the practice, he believes that once the implementation of the measures to decrease oil prices in the short run, will only make the Americans will now begin to pick up fuel-efficient waste of consumption concept, and then to And the relationship between supply and demand imbalance in oil prices to rise.
For the past few days, oil prices fell, the three analysts views fairly consistent.
Ensiboge and Wateleien, that this is a market of "extreme reaction" because up until the time is too long, too big margin after a pullback and trading information for some negative reaction too large . Ensiboge that more than nine U.S. dollars within three days of the decline in the amount on it more, but in proportion (6 percent) is not high.
Qiu Xiao-Feng believes that the decline in the past few days shows that the speculative factors on short-term fluctuations of the amplification.
For long-term judgement, the views of three analysts have basically the same: as long as the basic factors of supply and demand levels without a fundamental change in long-term bullish on oil prices.
Dealers declassified "Shengtie Shui"
A familiar spot transaction of oil traders through the spot market trading mechanism which explained to reporters the situation. He said that the oil spot market and futures market trading association also exists between both distinction. In futures trading on the market for paper-based transactions are the ultimate in-kind settlement ratio is very low. And barter trade with current and long-term, single-spot transactions and contract period, and other types of transactions, the way will Mercantile Exchange reference to the futures or spot price, the transaction price as the decision to base.
According to the traders, the international oil (including crude oil and other petroleum products) many types of trade, commerce and trade contracts in most of the price or prices are way with the International Mercantile Exchange, close to the price. In contract negotiations, the two sides will be based on delivery time, market conditions, and cooperative relations, prospects for cooperation, number of transactions, such as a number of factors, the price of premium or discount to the amount or ratio to reach an agreement.
Members of the transaction to our reporter in a display of model contracts, the price terms: "to Singapore Platts × × product (MOPS) × × years, before and after the 5th × offshore (FOB) price of the benchmark, Discount to 10 U.S. dollars / ton. "The dealer explained that the delivery of the goods for the day (that is, in terms of" × × years on × Day ") may be the price volatility risk considerations, would normally take some time before and after delivery The average price of the price or the method of valuation as a benchmark.
As for the "discount 10 U.S. dollars / ton," the terms for the two sides taking into account the local market at the time of the supply-demand relationship and cooperation between the two sides to a certain concessions. However, if a supply of tension or other circumstances not conducive to the buyer, the clause may become a "premium" that is, price increase on a certain amount. Premium / discount that the methods used in addition to a fixed amount, for example, will use a fixed percentage (that is, a certain percentage) of the way. Its value can change greatly, depending on their background, cooperative relations and bargaining power. The traders, large institutions, such as refineries or the Government and other organizations often than ordinary commercial organizations to get more concessions.
In addition to the market price of pegging the way, there are locked price of a certain period of time. If an enterprise of a period of price comparison with the cost or the need to lock, which can be used to a limited period of time to buy fixed-price approach or lock price range.
2003, Guangdong and Australia signed the Treaty of LNG supply, the purchase of LNG with the 15-25 dollar price of international crude oil prices linked to the interval. In other words, the Australian side of the Guangdong liquefied natural gas sold to the highest prices in international oil prices not exceeding 25 U.S. dollars at the corresponding LNG price, duration of contract for 25 years.
In addition, since all petroleum products and the quality of different indicators, the change in Shengtie Shui will be different.
According to Chinese Customs Department statistics show that from January to May this year, China imported crude oil average price of 689.9 U.S. dollars / ton, equivalent to 7.33 barrels per ton, during which China's imports of crude oil average price of 94.13 U.S. dollars a barrel. Over the same period, light sweet crude in the international price of spot transactions in between 88 to 132 U.S. dollars, most of the time is higher than the 94.13 U.S. dollars level.
Members of the deal this view is, as the international crude oil prices on generic models, such as Brent and the New York Mercantile Exchange, light sweet crude West Texas, are light and low sulphur crude oil for the composition of the subject matter And in fact more in the proportion of oil and sulphur content than in the two species to be high, mostly in the implementation of price discount to the way transactions. China's imports of crude oil, may be part of a relatively higher quality and higher sulfur species, the transaction price will be correspondingly lower. At the same time, China's crude oil imports are mostly from the background of relatively strong strength of enterprises and institutions and thus should be given more than ordinary business of discount concessions.
For a reporter's question, the more solid strength of the United States get higher discount and signed a long-term concessionary contract price range of issues identified, the trader's reply was: "In theory this should be."
U.S. Energy Information Administration's report by the public, July 4, 2008, the United States the average transaction price of crude oil to 133.60 U.S. dollars a barrel, than the global average of 137.11 U.S. dollars a low 3.51 U.S. dollars.
The crude oil market financial products transaction price is due to the current problems caused by speculation, the dealers of the view that the current futures market speculation on the exact proportion of very high, but the ability to price substantially deviated from the spot price of the deal, he expressed doubts. He believes that if buyers and sellers in the cash transaction do not agree with the price of goods can not be sold, the seller will be able to run on commodities trading in the market prices of re-sale of balance, "unless there are speculators can these goods are bought , Storing up ", although the actual operation, the main business of spot transactions do not tend to the seller of goods to intervene in the market.
However, he also disclosed that according to his understanding of the situation, the recent crude oil spot transactions, the prices before the discount rate is higher than some.
IMF: World withstand the economic crisis in the first 21
International Monetary Fund (IMF), president of Dominica »Strauss» Kahn admitted that the world economic crisis. He held in Yalta at the international conference, said: "The world is through the first 21 world economic crisis."
According to the new network on the 11th, the conference is "Yalta European Strategy" organized by the Ukraine-EU relations of major non-governmental forum.
"Yalta European Strategy" organized by the Ukraine is well-known entrepreneurs and social activists, former President of Ukraine Leonid »Kuchma's son-in-law Viktor» Qiuke-established.
From Ukraine, Russia, the United States, Britain, Germany, Georgia, Poland and other countries of entrepreneurs, social activists and diplomats participated in the forum. (Source: China News Net)
According to the new network on the 11th, the conference is "Yalta European Strategy" organized by the Ukraine-EU relations of major non-governmental forum.
"Yalta European Strategy" organized by the Ukraine is well-known entrepreneurs and social activists, former President of Ukraine Leonid »Kuchma's son-in-law Viktor» Qiuke-established.
From Ukraine, Russia, the United States, Britain, Germany, Georgia, Poland and other countries of entrepreneurs, social activists and diplomats participated in the forum. (Source: China News Net)
U.S. value of each human life than the 6.9 million U.S. dollars five years ago, "devaluation" of millions of
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's latest assessment, each American lives are worth only about 6.9 million U.S. dollars, the depreciation of nearly five years ago than 1 million U.S. dollars.
According to the Joint Zaobao Wang reported that the Laws and environmental experts from the protest, this is because the value of statistical life (value of astatisticallife) will decrease impact on the lives of Americans.
Government agencies in formulating policies and regulations, the first national estimates of the value of statistical life, and this figure as the yardstick, against the proposed regulations a cost-benefit analysis.
This means that the lower the value of Vital Statistics, the Government will be able to avoid the implementation of some of the more stringent policies, such as limiting pollution.
The assumption that the implementation of a cost of 18 billion U.S. dollars, but it will keep 2,500 lives. If each human life of the old 7.8 million U.S. dollars in value terms, the effectiveness of the Ordinance will be required to spend more than the cost, but if the value of each human life down to the current 6.9 million U.S. dollars, the Ordinance will be greater than the cost-effectiveness, Government can decide not to adopt.
Some environmentalists have accused President Bush does not want the government to implement more stringent measures, so think of this trick, to reduce the statistical value of human life.
EPA denied the accusations, and that economists are based on the number of people willing to spend money to avoid engaging in risky activities, and how many employers are willing to pay extra wages for employees to assume more risk, to calculate the value of Vital Statistics; It also Said that people should not regard the figure as is the value of a human life.
In 2004, the EPA will first cut the value of statistical life eight percent, then in May this year the implementation of the control of trains and ships of the air pollution policy, the council also cancelled the 2001 inflation rate of the normal adjustment; two The changes in the value of statistical life to 11 percent.
EPA policy, economic and creative director of Maijia Lan said that in the value of vital statistics reflect only the number of consumers are willing to pay money to avoid the risk of lives.
However, Vanderbilt University economist Weisikuxi believes that the EPA cut the value of statistical life is illogical.
He said: "As people become increasingly affluent, vital statistics relative value should also increase." Weisikuxi also said that there is no information that Americans are unwilling to pay more to reduce risk. (Source:中新网)
中文 » 英语 翻译
According to the Joint Zaobao Wang reported that the Laws and environmental experts from the protest, this is because the value of statistical life (value of astatisticallife) will decrease impact on the lives of Americans.
Government agencies in formulating policies and regulations, the first national estimates of the value of statistical life, and this figure as the yardstick, against the proposed regulations a cost-benefit analysis.
This means that the lower the value of Vital Statistics, the Government will be able to avoid the implementation of some of the more stringent policies, such as limiting pollution.
The assumption that the implementation of a cost of 18 billion U.S. dollars, but it will keep 2,500 lives. If each human life of the old 7.8 million U.S. dollars in value terms, the effectiveness of the Ordinance will be required to spend more than the cost, but if the value of each human life down to the current 6.9 million U.S. dollars, the Ordinance will be greater than the cost-effectiveness, Government can decide not to adopt.
Some environmentalists have accused President Bush does not want the government to implement more stringent measures, so think of this trick, to reduce the statistical value of human life.
EPA denied the accusations, and that economists are based on the number of people willing to spend money to avoid engaging in risky activities, and how many employers are willing to pay extra wages for employees to assume more risk, to calculate the value of Vital Statistics; It also Said that people should not regard the figure as is the value of a human life.
In 2004, the EPA will first cut the value of statistical life eight percent, then in May this year the implementation of the control of trains and ships of the air pollution policy, the council also cancelled the 2001 inflation rate of the normal adjustment; two The changes in the value of statistical life to 11 percent.
EPA policy, economic and creative director of Maijia Lan said that in the value of vital statistics reflect only the number of consumers are willing to pay money to avoid the risk of lives.
However, Vanderbilt University economist Weisikuxi believes that the EPA cut the value of statistical life is illogical.
He said: "As people become increasingly affluent, vital statistics relative value should also increase." Weisikuxi also said that there is no information that Americans are unwilling to pay more to reduce risk. (Source:中新网)
中文 » 英语 翻译
Mexico gasoline cheaper than in the United States into a popular cross-border business of reselling
According to the Joint Zaobao Wang, Mexico gasoline cheaper than in the United States, China and some traders saw the opportunity to make a fortune in Mexico in the bulk purchase gasoline shipped to the U.S. border after the sale, cash in.
Mexico won the State of the petrol allowance, the United States are frequently high oil prices, both petrol substantial differences, resulting in many tank car owners, and the border between the two countries doing business, one after another in Mexico in a barrel full of barrels of Tim Petrol, shipped to the United States to sell.
In Mexico, the price of gasoline cheaper than in the United States about one-third of the price of diesel is cheaper than half of the United States, the United States and Mexican border states, a gallon of diesel is four U.S. dollars, as long as Americans drive across the border, will be able to 2 U.S. dollars of the price of petrol.
Mexico Consumer Interests, head of Osuna said, indeed, a tanker truck from the United States opened here with petrol, due to Mexico's no-related restrictions on the fundamental Zuzhibuliao foreigners to come to Tijuana to buy gasoline.
Mexico, the United States and many residents of the border also took the opportunity start with the business of the sale of petrol, they installed a barrel and a bucket full of petrol, set to sell to the United States.
Tijuana Station Association, Avineri said: "Such small-scale illegal trade does exist, the oil companies is the responsibility of their products will be sold, bought gasoline, even to use gasoline burned house, or secretly transported To sell to the United States can not intervene in them. "
Mexico's lower prices of gasoline, has attracted a large number of Americans driving across the border to where cheap petrol were seized. As demand increased, Mexico hundreds of petrol stations in gasoline shortage, caused some petrol stations to be rationing system.
Mexican President Calderón had promised petrol allowance will remain unchanged. With global oil prices rose Biao, petrol allowance given to the Government this year will spend 20 billion U.S. dollars. (Source: China News Net)
Mexico won the State of the petrol allowance, the United States are frequently high oil prices, both petrol substantial differences, resulting in many tank car owners, and the border between the two countries doing business, one after another in Mexico in a barrel full of barrels of Tim Petrol, shipped to the United States to sell.
In Mexico, the price of gasoline cheaper than in the United States about one-third of the price of diesel is cheaper than half of the United States, the United States and Mexican border states, a gallon of diesel is four U.S. dollars, as long as Americans drive across the border, will be able to 2 U.S. dollars of the price of petrol.
Mexico Consumer Interests, head of Osuna said, indeed, a tanker truck from the United States opened here with petrol, due to Mexico's no-related restrictions on the fundamental Zuzhibuliao foreigners to come to Tijuana to buy gasoline.
Mexico, the United States and many residents of the border also took the opportunity start with the business of the sale of petrol, they installed a barrel and a bucket full of petrol, set to sell to the United States.
Tijuana Station Association, Avineri said: "Such small-scale illegal trade does exist, the oil companies is the responsibility of their products will be sold, bought gasoline, even to use gasoline burned house, or secretly transported To sell to the United States can not intervene in them. "
Mexico's lower prices of gasoline, has attracted a large number of Americans driving across the border to where cheap petrol were seized. As demand increased, Mexico hundreds of petrol stations in gasoline shortage, caused some petrol stations to be rationing system.
Mexican President Calderón had promised petrol allowance will remain unchanged. With global oil prices rose Biao, petrol allowance given to the Government this year will spend 20 billion U.S. dollars. (Source: China News Net)
Forbes announced in 2008 listed companies in China the best and worst bosses
The latest issue of "Forbes" Chinese version 7 monthly magazine, the "2008 China (non-state-owned) companies listed on the best and worst bosses" NEW. Lake new venture (600,840), chairman of Chen Jian, general manager Dan Xu Hong, far-energy (000,683), chairman of Dai-Even, general manager of the sea-and Sanyizhonggong (600,031), chairman of Liang Wengen, president of the text Habitat-wave "red list" top three, while Bird shares (600,130), such as Xu Lihua, chairman and general manager of the unfortunate owner of 10 on the "white list."
This is the first Chinese edition of Forbes launched four non-state-owned Chinese A-share listed companies best and worst bosses investigation. According to the survey, the past three years, selected the best employers list of 25 enterprises executives to shareholders an average of 18.2% of net return on assets (ROE), and their average ROE of the industry in which only 9.3% . These companies, CEO / President / General Manager of the past three years the average annual salary of the median of 370,000 yuan. List of the worst bosses selected 10 enterprises, the average net return on assets (ROE) as low as -54.5%, while executives are still receiving an average of 30 million to pay its 2007 average salary of 325,000 yuan .
Mr. Liu Ruiming system Bangren sum up this year's survey when the boss has spoken the best and worst bosses the distinction: "the best boss in their respective areas so deep and stronger business and seek opportunities to expand outward, at the same time very Pay attention to their social responsibility and the company's public image, while the worst bosses in the main industry often fail to do so through deep, encountered operating difficulties in the management of ideas is not clear, failed to smooth out difficulties enterprises. "
At the same time, Forbes again this year named 30 "the highest of China's listed companies boss", these executives from listed companies in 2007 for the salaries are more than 1 million yuan. These executives, the average age is 51 years old, in 2007 the average annual salary is 492 million, the average salary or 195 percent. One reelection as the highest annual salary in China is the boss Laurel Green (601,318) Ma Mingzhe, chairman and chief executive, of his 2007 salary of up to 66.16 million yuan, an increase of 394 percent.
This is the first Chinese edition of Forbes launched four non-state-owned Chinese A-share listed companies best and worst bosses investigation. According to the survey, the past three years, selected the best employers list of 25 enterprises executives to shareholders an average of 18.2% of net return on assets (ROE), and their average ROE of the industry in which only 9.3% . These companies, CEO / President / General Manager of the past three years the average annual salary of the median of 370,000 yuan. List of the worst bosses selected 10 enterprises, the average net return on assets (ROE) as low as -54.5%, while executives are still receiving an average of 30 million to pay its 2007 average salary of 325,000 yuan .
Mr. Liu Ruiming system Bangren sum up this year's survey when the boss has spoken the best and worst bosses the distinction: "the best boss in their respective areas so deep and stronger business and seek opportunities to expand outward, at the same time very Pay attention to their social responsibility and the company's public image, while the worst bosses in the main industry often fail to do so through deep, encountered operating difficulties in the management of ideas is not clear, failed to smooth out difficulties enterprises. "
At the same time, Forbes again this year named 30 "the highest of China's listed companies boss", these executives from listed companies in 2007 for the salaries are more than 1 million yuan. These executives, the average age is 51 years old, in 2007 the average annual salary is 492 million, the average salary or 195 percent. One reelection as the highest annual salary in China is the boss Laurel Green (601,318) Ma Mingzhe, chairman and chief executive, of his 2007 salary of up to 66.16 million yuan, an increase of 394 percent.
China's crude oil exports in June rose 550 percent
According to the General Administration of Customs announced yesterday the data show that in June the same month China's exports of crude oil 1.42 million tons, representing a year-on-year increase of 5.5 times. The January-May China's crude oil exports only 950,000 tons, down 40.4 percent. At this point, the first half of China's exports of crude oil 2.37 million tons, up 30.6 percent.
Many factors have contributed to the export surge
Analysts pointed out that the June crude oil exports increased substantially, mainly by soaring international crude oil prices continue to promote and lead to soaring international oil prices continued to increase exports of crude oil production, and also makes entrenched domestic large number of international floating capital investment in domestic oil speculation.
The June crude oil imports fell sharply increase the previous month, but also from high international oil price factors to explain. Customs data show that in June China's crude oil imports 14.57 million tons, up 3.3 percent, while growth in May was 25 percent. The first half, China's total crude oil imports 90.53 million tons, up 11 percent.
However, some experts said that the June crude oil exports may increase reflected the barter trade. Energy strategy expert Wu Jian-Dong pointed out that China and its neighboring countries often have such a barter trade, such as Vietnam and other countries.
China's gas station network Yu Li, principal analyst pointed out that this may be because it exports. Domestic crude oil companies may be better quality light, sweet crude oil exports for foreign exchange and then import more funds for the quality of稍差of crude oil. Most of the current domestic refineries more advanced equipment, including desulfurization equipment, which is also a reasonable approach.
In addition, the reporter was informed that the Ministry of Finance and the General Administration of Customs recently发文, announced the cancellation of implementation of the 25 foreign share of oil export duty-free. Central University of Finance and Taxation Institute Professor Liu Huan said that the abolition of the foreign concessions, a clear is the capital of China's export-oriented, rather than of resources and pollution of domestic exports.
Since August 1, China will be Chinese-foreign cooperative exploitation of offshore oil contracts to foreign crude oil exports from the levy of about 5 percent of the normal tariff and about 17% of the value-added tax and abolishing the export tax rebate concessions. Analysts pointed out that the crude oil export industry policy adjustments may also prompted crude oil in the August 1抢export clearance, resulting in crude oil exports surged in June.
Finished oil products in the first half year, China exported 7.88 million tons of refined oil, representing a 0.3 percent decline in the same period last year. The June export 1.39 million tons the same month a year earlier fell 3.5 percent.
On the import side, imports of finished oil products in the first half of 21.01 million tons, up 16.4 percent. Of these, in June of refined oil 3.67 million tons, up 12.6 percent, much lower than the growth rate in May of 46.5 percent.
Prices of primary products imports Qisheng
As international commodity prices continue rising, China's imports of primary products significantly accelerate the pace of the main varieties average price of imports rose sharply. Customs statistics show that in the first half of this year, China's imports of primary products to 184 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 69.9 percent.
Among them, China's crude oil imports averaged 717.7 U.S. dollars / ton, up 67.3 percent and imports of refined oil averaged 758.9 U.S. dollars / ton, up 77.3 percent;
In addition, the first half of this year, China imported 230 million tons iron ore, up 22.5 percent and imports average of 132.6 U.S. dollars / ton, up 77.4 percent, and imports 21.55 million tons of coal, down 20.4%, average 66.9 U.S. dollars / ton, up 43.7 percent ; Soybean imports (5043,97.00,1.96% point) 17.23 million tons, an increase of 24.4%, average 584.1 U.S. dollars / ton, up 78.3 percent.
Over the same period, China's imports of industrial products 383.57 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 17.5 percent, accounting for the same period the total value of imports of 67.6 percent. Among them, imports of machinery and electronic products 265.38 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 18.9 percent, and imports 212,000 cars, up 53.2 percent.
Many factors have contributed to the export surge
Analysts pointed out that the June crude oil exports increased substantially, mainly by soaring international crude oil prices continue to promote and lead to soaring international oil prices continued to increase exports of crude oil production, and also makes entrenched domestic large number of international floating capital investment in domestic oil speculation.
The June crude oil imports fell sharply increase the previous month, but also from high international oil price factors to explain. Customs data show that in June China's crude oil imports 14.57 million tons, up 3.3 percent, while growth in May was 25 percent. The first half, China's total crude oil imports 90.53 million tons, up 11 percent.
However, some experts said that the June crude oil exports may increase reflected the barter trade. Energy strategy expert Wu Jian-Dong pointed out that China and its neighboring countries often have such a barter trade, such as Vietnam and other countries.
China's gas station network Yu Li, principal analyst pointed out that this may be because it exports. Domestic crude oil companies may be better quality light, sweet crude oil exports for foreign exchange and then import more funds for the quality of稍差of crude oil. Most of the current domestic refineries more advanced equipment, including desulfurization equipment, which is also a reasonable approach.
In addition, the reporter was informed that the Ministry of Finance and the General Administration of Customs recently发文, announced the cancellation of implementation of the 25 foreign share of oil export duty-free. Central University of Finance and Taxation Institute Professor Liu Huan said that the abolition of the foreign concessions, a clear is the capital of China's export-oriented, rather than of resources and pollution of domestic exports.
Since August 1, China will be Chinese-foreign cooperative exploitation of offshore oil contracts to foreign crude oil exports from the levy of about 5 percent of the normal tariff and about 17% of the value-added tax and abolishing the export tax rebate concessions. Analysts pointed out that the crude oil export industry policy adjustments may also prompted crude oil in the August 1抢export clearance, resulting in crude oil exports surged in June.
Finished oil products in the first half year, China exported 7.88 million tons of refined oil, representing a 0.3 percent decline in the same period last year. The June export 1.39 million tons the same month a year earlier fell 3.5 percent.
On the import side, imports of finished oil products in the first half of 21.01 million tons, up 16.4 percent. Of these, in June of refined oil 3.67 million tons, up 12.6 percent, much lower than the growth rate in May of 46.5 percent.
Prices of primary products imports Qisheng
As international commodity prices continue rising, China's imports of primary products significantly accelerate the pace of the main varieties average price of imports rose sharply. Customs statistics show that in the first half of this year, China's imports of primary products to 184 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 69.9 percent.
Among them, China's crude oil imports averaged 717.7 U.S. dollars / ton, up 67.3 percent and imports of refined oil averaged 758.9 U.S. dollars / ton, up 77.3 percent;
In addition, the first half of this year, China imported 230 million tons iron ore, up 22.5 percent and imports average of 132.6 U.S. dollars / ton, up 77.4 percent, and imports 21.55 million tons of coal, down 20.4%, average 66.9 U.S. dollars / ton, up 43.7 percent ; Soybean imports (5043,97.00,1.96% point) 17.23 million tons, an increase of 24.4%, average 584.1 U.S. dollars / ton, up 78.3 percent.
Over the same period, China's imports of industrial products 383.57 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 17.5 percent, accounting for the same period the total value of imports of 67.6 percent. Among them, imports of machinery and electronic products 265.38 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 18.9 percent, and imports 212,000 cars, up 53.2 percent.
Shougang shares during the Olympic Games will be 50% year-on-year reduction
Shougang shares today to disclose the company's limited production during the Olympic Games in the specific circumstances, the company expects the third quarter of this year's iron, steel, rolled steel production plan for 540,000 tons, 560,000 tons and 550,000 tons, lower than the same period last year About 50 percent.
During the Olympic Games, Beijing Shougang shares in accordance with the "200,000 metric tons per month," the limited production requirements of production, the company owned by the two blast furnace to maintain a normal production.
At the same time the company will step up production facilities maintenance, repair and do a good job on safety production, for the Olympic Games after the resumption of normal production levels make full preparations to limit production to minimize the impact.
The company said that this year, Shougang Corporation, the controlling shareholder of the company to provide services supporting the production of associated transaction price has remained at the level at the end of last year, including, the transactions under the energy, transport, according to the annual accounts on the calibre, this part of The cost of operating costs the company about 6 percent. After consultation, Shougang Corporation agreed to limit production during the Olympic Games, this part of the transactions in the prices continue to maintain the same level at the end of last year.
In addition, Shougang shares also revealed that investment in the construction of cold-rolled sheet production line project is the relocation of Shougang countries to support the adjustment of one of two key projects, has now entered the stage of pilot production. State of the project to provide discount loans, loan discount for a total of 192 million yuan, the first tranche of 90 million yuan has been receiving the end of 2007. January 2008, the company's Shougang Corporation has been allocated for the second discount of 102 million yuan.
During the Olympic Games, Beijing Shougang shares in accordance with the "200,000 metric tons per month," the limited production requirements of production, the company owned by the two blast furnace to maintain a normal production.
At the same time the company will step up production facilities maintenance, repair and do a good job on safety production, for the Olympic Games after the resumption of normal production levels make full preparations to limit production to minimize the impact.
The company said that this year, Shougang Corporation, the controlling shareholder of the company to provide services supporting the production of associated transaction price has remained at the level at the end of last year, including, the transactions under the energy, transport, according to the annual accounts on the calibre, this part of The cost of operating costs the company about 6 percent. After consultation, Shougang Corporation agreed to limit production during the Olympic Games, this part of the transactions in the prices continue to maintain the same level at the end of last year.
In addition, Shougang shares also revealed that investment in the construction of cold-rolled sheet production line project is the relocation of Shougang countries to support the adjustment of one of two key projects, has now entered the stage of pilot production. State of the project to provide discount loans, loan discount for a total of 192 million yuan, the first tranche of 90 million yuan has been receiving the end of 2007. January 2008, the company's Shougang Corporation has been allocated for the second discount of 102 million yuan.
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